वर्ष १७ अंक १  जनविश्वास साप्तहिक धनकुटा २०६५ कात्तिक २८   Janavishwas Weekly, Thursday Nov 2008           <<Home

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k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df lu/fj6sf] sf/0f xhf/f} ;jf/L ;fwgx? lau|g] qmd a9\bf] 5 . vf;u/L k]6«f]naf6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwg sfOqmf] j; n08cf]e/sf/,hLk,6\of;Lsf] cnjf df]6/;fOsnx? cToflws ;+Vofdf lau|g] qmdn] cfef; nfUbf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{af6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgx? lau|g'sf] cToflwssf] ;+Vofn] agfpg]x?sf] nfO{g / Uof/]hdf /fVg] 7fpsf] ljns'n cefj e};s]sf] 5 . o:tf] ljs/fn ;d:ofn] /fhwfgLsf] s'/f dfq} xf]Og clw–
/fHoe/ hl6ntf k}bf u/]sf] 5 . ldl;Psf] k]6«f]nsf sf/0f df]6/;fOsnsf] eNe,lk:6g ljlu|Psf5g\ eg] l8:k]G;/ hfdx'g'sf] ;fy} Ol~hg g} l;h x'g]sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] 5 . o:t} u/L uf8Lx?df lkmN6/,:kfs{,OGhs]6/,kmo"n 6\of+s lau|g' ;fy} kDkdf ;d:of cfPsf] ;Da4 d]sfgLsx?sf] egfO–
/x]sf] 5 . df]6/;fOsn jgfpg b'Oxhf/ b]lv !%÷@) xhf/ ?k}of;Dd nfUg] u/]sf] 5 eg] cGo uf8Lx?df # xhf/ b]lv #) xhf/ ?k}of;Dd nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . w]/} h;f] gofF uf8L tyf df]6/;fOsnx? ;d]t lju|g] 36gfn] ;jf/LwgLx? ulDe/ ?kn] lrlGtt 5g\ . o:t} 36gfn] ubf{ gofF uf8L tyf df]6/;fOsn laqm]tf sDklgsf l8n/x?n] gofF ;jf/L ;fwgx? vl/b ubf{ ;d]t ;fdu|Lsf] 1f/]G6L lbg 5f8]sfn] qm]tfx? cGof}ndf k/]sf5g\ .

        cfon lgudaaf6} NofO{Psf] k]6«f]nsf] u'0f:t/ kl/If0f ubf{ kfFr k|ltzt y]u|f] / ln8 e]l6Psf] 5 . k]6«f]lnod kbfy{d cGt/fli6«o dfkb08 cg';f/ x]g]{ xf] eg] a9Ldf b'O{ k|ltzt y]u|f] cfpg ;S5 t/ o;sf a9L y]u|f] / ln8sf] ;fy} ld;fj6sf] sf/0fn] o:tf] ;d:of hl6n?kdf b]lvPsf] xf] . k]6«f]ndf ld;fj6sf] sf/0f cToflws ;+Vofdf ;jf/L ;fwgx? ljlu|Psf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k]6"f]n kDkx?n] lgudjf6 yf]/} dfq k]6"f]n lng] u/]sf 5g\ eg] vl/b gu/L xft afFw]/ j:g yfn]sf 5g\ . k]6«f]n kDkx?n] k]6«f]n lgudaf6 glng] sf/0f d'Vot l/S; / ;'/Iffs} sf/0fn] xf] t/ sltko k]6«f]n kDkx?n] lgudn] aflx/ ef/taf6 Nofpbf g}+ ld;fj6 ePsf] k]6«f]n NofPsf] bfjL ub}{ klG5g] u/]sf] 5g\ . k]6«f]nsf] cfk"lt{df sdL cfPsf]n] hxfF tlx k]6«f]nsf] cefjn] Hofb} 7"nf] ;d:of k/]sf] 5 . of] ;+Vof ;j eGbf a9L wgs'6f lhNnfdf emg} 7"nf] ?kdf v8\lsPsf] 5 . k]6«f]n kDk /fVg] ;xdlt e};s]/ klg xfn;Dd kDk :yfkgf gul/g'n] w/fg,O6x/Laf6 8«d tyf Uofn]gsf 9'jfgL u/fP/nfO{ ljlqm ljt/0f ul/b} cfPsf]n] o:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] xf] .

        ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zgdf k]6«f]ndf ePsf] ld;fj6sf] jf/]df kl/If0f tyf cg'udg sfo{ z'? u/u]sf] atfPsf]
5 . ef/tjf6 g]kfn lelqg' cl3 ef/tLo If]qd} k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df ld;fj6 ePsf] jf/] kl/If0f ul/g] lgudn] hgfPsf] 5 . tyfkL lgudsf] e08f/0f tyf kDkjf6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] t]nsf] u'0f:t/ ;dfg b]lvPsf] lgudsf k|jQmfsf] bfjL
5 . t/ ;/sf/sf] hlt;'s} s8f lgb]{zg tyf lgu/fgLsf jfjb'4 klg t]n dflkmof tyf t:s/sf sf/0f pgsf] ldn]dQf] / if8\oGqn] sxL g sxL st} s'g} ?kjf6 k]6«f]lnod kbfy{{df ld;fj6 x'Fb} cfPs} 5 . o;sf] Go"lgs/0f ug{ :jod ;/sf/ c;kmn x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df k]6«f]ndf ul/g] ld;fj6sf] s8f lgu/fgL / cg'udg cToGt uf]Ko z'qjf6 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} To:tf ck/flws lu/f]x Pj+ t]n dflkmofx?nfO{ s8f sf/jfxLsf] nflu :jo+d ;/sf/n] tbf?kstf b]vfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . cGoyf ;/sf/n] o:tf] sfo{ ;d]t ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eg] ld;fj6sf] sf/0f ;jf/L ;fwgdf ePsf] ulDe/ Iflt
;/sf/n] a]xf]g'{ tof/ x'g' k¥of] .

xfd|f] ofqf !&cf}+]+ jif{df

xfdL uj{;fy eG5f}+–zfxL bnfn ag]gf}+

          lg/+s'z tfgfzfxfsf bnfn / k|ltudgsf/Lx?sf] cfly{s gfsfalGbsf] afjh'b cGofo cTofrf/,e|i6rf/ / lg/+s'ztfsf] lj?4 ;+3if{lzn snd rnfpb} k|]; tyf cleJolQm / dfgj clwsf/ :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ub}{, hglhljsfsf] cxd ;jfn / h:tf];'s}
kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ub}{ hgtfnfO{ ;';'lrt u/fpg] qmddf xfdL cj !& cf}+ jif{df k|j]z u/]sf 5f} . cefj / cg]sf} ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdgf ub]{ cys kl/>d / l;ldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] afah'b rfx] e|i6frf/L,s'Voft dflkmof / cTofrf/L,hg3ftL x'g of oyfl:ylt cltjfbL PsfTds / cu|udgsf lj/f]wL, slyt qmflGtsf/L egfpbfx?;Fu ;d]t cefju|:t z+s6df klg zf]lift lk8Lt bldt g]kfnL hgtfsf vflt/ xfdLn] :jfy{df nfu]/ zf]lift lkl8t g]kfnL hgtfsf] lj?4df sxL s;};Fu unt ;Demf}tf u/]gf} / eljZodf klg ug]{ 5}gf} eGg] k|lt1f ub{5f}+ . xfdL cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfngf ug]{ qmddf ;fwg;|f]t / ;"rgfsf] cefjsf] sdhf]/Ln] of cGhfgn] e"nj; ;xL ;"rgf k|jfxdf sxL st} r'Sof} xf]nf t/ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] wd{ / dof{bfsf] ljifodf cToGt ulDe/ ag]sf5f+} eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . xfdLn] cfwfk]6df /Gylgb} ePklg Aoj;flos kqsfl/tf ug]{ gfddf hgtfsf b'Zdgx?nfO{ afx]s c?nfO{ cgfxs} lrQ b'vfpg] sfo{ xfdLaf6 To:tf] h3Go ck/fw gx'g' kg]{ xf] . tyfkL sbflrt ;fgf] uNtL /  q'l6 ePsf] eP cGhfg eg]/ Ifdfbfg ug'{ x'g]5 . o4lk xfdLnfO{ o:tf] nfS5 sL xfdL ;do cg';f/ :jfy{sf] nflu eg] ha/h:t rNg ghfGg] ;fljt ePsf5f}+ . t/klg xfdLnfO{ slQ klg b'Mv eg] nfu]sf] 5}g . xfdL sfnf]nfO{ :jfy{df s'g} xfntdf klg ;]tf] eGg ;Sb}gf}+ . zf]if0f bdgdf k/]sf, cGofo cTofrf/ v]k]sf g]kfnL hgtfsf] bb{nfO{ cfFvf lrDn]/ a:g xfdL ;Sb}gf}+ . cgL ;dfhdf /x]sf las[tL la;+utL / e«i6frf/Lsf] dgf]dfgLnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]/]/ a:g klg ;Sb}gf}+ . clg 3f]/ ;fdGtafbL, PsfTds cltjfbL clehftju{ –s;}nfO{ klg rfs8L ahfP/ xfdLn] :jfy{k"lt{ ug'{ klg 5}g . xfdLn] Tolt tn lu/]/ lgr / kltt sfd ug'{ klg 5}g . To;}n] xfdL ua{;fy eG5f} xfdL zfxL dltof/ lyPgf}+ / slxNo} hgtfnfO{ wf]sf lbP/ x'g] klg 5}gf}+ .  :jfeLdfgL hftsf] xfd|f] ljz]iftfn] g} xfdL cfkm\gf] zL/ 7f8f] kf/]/ lgw{Ss 5ftL km'nfP/ lx8\g ;s]sf 5f+} .

xfdL xfd|f] ofqfdf xfd|f] p2]Zo / Aoj;flos kqsfl/tfsf] cfbz{nfO{ s'g} xfntdf klg aGbsL /fv]/ 8sfg{ ;Sb}gf} . :jfy{ lnK;fdf cfkm\gf] g}ltstf,OdfGbfl/tf d'No / dfGotfnfO{ ltnf~hnL lbP/ 5]kf/f]n] h:t} /+u km]g{ xfdLnfO{ cfpb}g . s;}n] unt ?kdf lbPsf] bfgfkfgLsf] :jfy{df kqsfl/tf ug'{ xfd|f] :jfledfgn] lbb}g klg ;s'Gh]n clGtd 38L;Dd xfdL ofjt ;d:ofsf] afjh'b zf]lift lk8Lt g]kfnL hgtfsf] pTyfg / d'lQmsf] nflu h:tf];'s} ;+3{if{ / alnbfgL ug{ kl5 kg]{ 5}gf}+ . xfd|f] cfbz{ / p2]Zo, d"No dfGotfaf6 larlnt x'g] 5}gf} / Gofo k|]dL g]kfnL hgtfsf] lj?4df nfu]/ s'g} unt ;Demf}tf ug]{ klg 5}gf} . syd sbflrt xfd|f] p2]Zo / nIo k|flKtsf] dxfg tyf uf}/azfnL ofqfdf cg'bf/ / c;xof]u
ul//xG5 eg] xfd|f] kl/>d,nIo / ;dk{0fsf] slxNo} s'g} d"NofÍg ul/b}g eg], rfs8L rfKn';L ug]{ / cj;/jfbL 5b\de]ifLx?s} hlxn] klg xfO{ xfO{ / /hfO{ eO{/xG5 eg], kye|i6 ;dfh / ;Qfsf] lj?4df, zf]lift lk8Lt g]kfnL hgtfsf] d'lQmsf nflu a? sndL o'4sf] lasNkdf s7f]/ / eofgs lg0f{odf k'Ug klg kl5 kb}{gf} . To;}n] hxfF cGofo cTofrf/ / rsf]{ bdg x'G5 Toxf hgljZjf; ad eP/ laikmf]6 x'G5 / hxfF e|i6rf/,sfnfahf/L x'G5 ToxfF hgljZjf;n] sfnfs/t'tx?sf] e08fkmf]/ u/L ltgnfO{ ;dfhdf gfË]emf/
kfl/lbG5 . hxfF lgd'vf ul/a hgtf dfly ;+f3flts wfjf af]lnG5 eg] hgljzjf;n] uf]nf af?b ag]/ ltgnfO{ Wj:t agfOlbg]5 . xfd|f] Oltxf; xfd|f] la/f;t oxL xf] xfdL o;df h:tf];'s} d"No r'sfpg tof/ 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 xfdLnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{x? clwsf+z cToGt Go"g cfo ePsfx? x'g'x'G5 . pxfFx?n] rfx]/ klg xfdLnfO{ 7"nf] /sdsf] la1fkg lbP/ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg t/ xfd|f] s7f]/ ofqfdf ;a}n] geP klg zf]lift lk8Lt g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;xof]u ;fgf] ;xof]u eP klg xfd|f] nflu 7"nf] k|]/0ffsf] ;|+f]t xf] . dg x'Fbfx'b} klg sltn] t jflif{s u|fxs z'Ns ;d]t lbg ;ls/xg' ePsf] 5}g tyflk pxfFx?sf] ;befj / xf};nfg} xfd|f] nflu ;dfhsf zq'x?nfO{ 9fNg] eo+s/ c:q xf] eGg] nfU5 / g} xfdL pg} k|lt ;b}a ;dlk{t 5f} . xfd|f] s7f]/ ofqfdf ;xof]u ;befj /fVg] ;Dk"0f{ lj1fkgbftf u|fxs tyf kf7s ju{df o:t} k|0f / k|lt1f ub}{ ;bf ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ;lxt clejfbg Û

g]skf dfcf]afbLdf ulDe/ laafb b]lvof], ;ef;baf6 a}Bsf] /flhgfdftc " g]skf dfcf]afbLdf ulDe/ laafb b]lvof], ;ef;baf6 a}Bsf] /flhgfdf"

;ef;bnfO{ cb[Zo lx\jk nfUg]

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

sf7df8f}+÷;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjlndf blno lx\jksf] Aofj:Yff gx'g] eP klg kf6L{sf] cg'zf;g sld6Ln] ug]{ lgb]{zgn] cb[Zo?kaf6 lx\jksf] sfd x'g] lglZrt 5 . 7"nf bnx? ;+ljwfg kfl/t ubf{ ;ef;bx?nfO{ lx\jk nfufpg' kg]{ kIfdf /x] klg ;fgf bnx?n] To; laifodf s8f la/f]w u/]/ c8fg lnPkl5 eg] lx\jksf] Aoj:yf g/fVg] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . t/ d:of}bf ;ldltsf ;+of]hs
gf/fo0fdfg lah'R5]n] bnsf] lawfg cg';f/ lx\jk nfUg] gnfUg] x'g;S5 t/ ljifoj:t' x]/]/ ;DaGwLt bnn] ljj]ssf] dt k|of]u ug{ lbg] cGt–/fli6«o cEof; /x]sf] atfpg' ePsf] 5 . nfdf] ljjfb / jx; kl5 ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnL d:of}bf ;ldltsf] a}7sn] ;+ljwfg;ef / Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf lglDt 5'§f5'§} lgodfjnL agfpg ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . ;f] lgodfjnLsf] cefjdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] 5 dlxgf laTg nfUbf klg ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] k|lqmof z'? ePsf] 5}g .

lgodfjnLdf /fi6«klt / pk–/fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfgsf] ulDe/ pn+3g u/] dxfcleof]u nufP/ x6fpg ;Sg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;+ljwfg;efsf] Psrf}yfO{ ;b:onfO{ /fi6«klt / pk–/fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfg pn+3g u/]sf] cfwf/df dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj btf{ ug]{ / b'O{ltxfO{af6 kbd'Qm ul/g]5 . To:t}u/L klxnf kfFr÷kfFr k|:tfjs / ;dy{s rflxg]df ca eg] /fi6«klt / pk–/fi6«kltsf] pDd]åf/n] Ps÷Ps hgf k|:tfjs / ;dy{s /fv] k'Ug] ePsf] 5 . ;f] lgodfjnLn] ;+ljwfgsf k|To]s bkmf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k"0f{ a}7saf6 kfl/t ePkl5 cWoIfn] k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ /
/fi6«kltn] /fi6«k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] 3f]if0ff ug]{ Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

o;}aLr g]skf dfcf]afbL g]tf df]xg a}B …ls/0fÚn] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o kbaf6 lbg'ePsf] /flhgfdf c:tL d+unaf/ l:js[t ePsf] 5 . kf6L{sf] ;dfg'kflts l;6af6 ;ef;b x'g'ePsf a}Bn] PsAolQm Ps kbsf nflu k|=d= Pj+ cWoIf k|r08nfO{ g}lts bjfj lbgsf nflu /flhgfdf lbPsf] atfPklg cWoIf k|r08 / a}B aLr b'O{nfO{g laafbn] r/d r'nLdf k'u]sf] ;|f]tsf] bfjL 5 . t/ a}Bn] cfkm' ;+u7g ljefusf] lhDd]jf/L lnPkl5 Ao:ttfn]
/flhgfdf lbPsf] atfpg' ePsf] 5 .

wgs'6f dxf]T;jsf] tof/L k"/f x'b}

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

wgs'6f÷ wgs'6fdf d+l;/ $ ut]b]vL ;~rfng x'g] wgs'6f dxf]T;jsf] tof/L clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf]  Joj:yfkg kIfn] hgfPsf] 5 .

Joj:yfkg kIfsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ dxf]T;jsf] jflx/L sfd () k|ltzt k'/f eO{;s]sf] / s]xL clkml;on Joj:yfkg sfo{ wdfwd eO{/x]sf] 5 . :6n lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ nueu ;dfKt eO{;s]sf] 5 eg] ;/;kmfO{, ;hfj6 tyf jfnpBfgsf] sfd klg s]xL lbgdf g} ;DkGg x'g] Joj:yfkg kIfn] jtfPsf] 5 . dxf]T;jdf cfpg] cfGtfl/s tyf jfx|o ko{6ssf nflu ljleGg :yfgdf k|j]z4f/ jgfpg] sfo{ ltj|?kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . dxf]T;jnfO{ eAotfsf ;fy ;DkGg agfpg wgs'6f jhf/ ;/;kmfO{ ug{ ljleGg ;+3;:yfx? ;lqmo ePsf 5g\ . h;cGtu{t wgs'6fsf] s[i0fbn u0f, o:8 ;fdflhs ;+:yf, gjk|eft o'jf Snj, uf]s'08]Zj/ pRr dflj,
l;/fgjhf/ o'jf Snj, uf]s'08]Zj/ jfndlGb/ pRr df=lj=, lqj]0fL ;f+:s[lt ;d"x, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 wgs'6f, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, jf}lbs ljsf; ;dfh ;]jf ;ldtL,x'nfs6f]n o'jf ;d'x  tyf ljleGg :yflgo lgsfox?n] zlgjf/;Dd ahf/ ;kmf ul/;Sg] ePsf5g\ .

jfOl;on lar sf6fsf6

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

;+v'jf;ef÷jfOl;on sfo{stf{n]  Ps jflnsfnfO{ lh:sfPsf] ljifodf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{jLr em8k x'Fbf d+unjf/ /ftL Pshgf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ ulDe/ 3fOt] ePsf5g\ .

em8kdf jfgf–*sf $) jlif{o s'naxfb'/ >]i7 3fOt] ePsfx'g\ . 3fOt] >]i7sL 5f]/LnfO{ jfO{l;on sfo{stf{n] lh:sfPsf] ljifodf 5nkmndf ljjfb a9]kl5 v's'/L xfgfxfg x'Fbf dfcf]jfbL Onfsf ;b:o >]i7 3fOt] ePsf
x'g\ . 3fOt] >]i7nfO{ :yfgLo dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ /fs]z >]i7 / lhtdfg /fO{sf] ;d'xn] v's'/L k|xf/ u/]sf] k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5 . pQm 36gfdf ;+nUg /fO{ / >]i7 km/f/ /x]sf] klg k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5 eg] 3fOt] >]i7sf] vfFbjf/L c:ktfndf pkrf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;f] 36gfsf] sf/0f c? yk 36gf x'g] cfz+sfdf :yflgo k|zf;gn] ;"/Iffdf s8fO{
u/]sf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no vfFbaf/L ;+v'jf;efn] hgfPsf] 5  .

vDa'jfgsf] ultljlw lta|

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

vf]6fË ÷k"j{ ls/ft If]qdf vDa'jfg :joQ/fHo lgdf{0fdf h'6]sf] ls/ft vDa'x?sf] ;+u7g vDa'jfg /fli6«o df]rf{n] hg–
hfu/0f cleofg cGt/ut cfkm\gf] ultljlwnfO{ lta| kf/]sf] 5 . cleofg cGt/ut wgs'6f, ;+v'jf;ef,ef]hk'/ x'Fb} vf]6fªsf]
/tD5fdf klxnf] r/0fsf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . df]rf{sf ;+of]hs OGb|xfªvDa'sf]g]t[Tjdf,s]=;=wgk|;fb vDa',dghLt vDa',wg a=vDa'sf] s]lGb|o ;+u7g 6f]nL /x]sf] lyof] . ;Dks{ ;Nnfxf / ;+u7gsf] gf/f lnP/ ;f] sfo{qmd ul/Psf] lyof] . ut sflQs ! / @ ut] a;]sf]
v/fdf]sf] s]lGb|o /fHo;ldltåf/f kfl/t lg0f{o cg';f/ cf vDa'jfg /fHo kl/ifbn] 5fofF ;/sf/sf] ?kdf d'2f dfldnfx? ;d]t x]g]{ bflj u/]sf] 5 .

ef]hk'/Me"ldut ;+u7gsf] lgu/fgL

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

ef]hk'/÷ vf]6fË lhNnf kZrft ef]hk'/ lhNnfnfO{ ;d]t ljut s]xL ;do b]lv e"ldut ;+u7g ls/ft hgjfbL js{;n] cfkm\gf ultljlwnfO{ lta| kf/]sf] 5 . ls/ft :jfoQ\/fHo dfu ub}{ ;z:q lab|f]xdf plqPsf] ;f] ;+u7gn] zf]ifs ;fdGtLsf] gfddf xfn;Dd cfwf bh{g ufpFsf AolQmx?sf] xTof ul/;s]sf] 5 . lab|f]xL ;d"xsf] kl5Nnf] sf/afxLdf ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] uf]ug] uflj; jf8{ g+=–@ sf @^ jlif{o uh]Gb| s];LnfO{ uf]ln xfg]sf] lyof] . s];LnfO{ ut cfO{taf/ ;fem bnufpsf] h+undf uf]nL xfgL uDeL/ 3fO{t] t'NofPsf] lyof] . uf]nL nflu ulDe/ 3fO{t] ePsf s];Lsf] pkrf/y{ ef]hk'/ c:ktfn n}hfb} ubf{ af6}df pgsf] d[To' ePsf] lhNnf k|x/Lsfof{no ef]hk'/n] hgfPsf] 5 . uf]nLxfGg] ;d"n] bfjL  u/]sf] cf}krfl/stf glbP klg ls/ft hgjfbL js{; kf6L{sf] ;+nUgtf x'g;Sg] k|x/L gfoj pkl/Ifs hgs vqLn] atfpg'
eof] .

o;}u/L hgjfbL js{; kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?n] sf]6 uflj; l:yt dfcf]afbL sAhfdf /x]sf] wd{rGb| ;'j]bLsf] 3/uUuf sAhf u/]sf
5g\ . dfcf]afbLn] tfnf nufPsf] pQm 3/hUufdf xltof/ ;lxt cfPsf ;f] ;d"xn] csf]{ tfnf nufP/ uPsf 5g\ . o; cl3 js{;n] bnufpF l:yt wd{ k|;fb ;'j]bL / r'8f/fh / lbAo/fh ;'j]bLsf] 3/hUuf klg sAhf ul/;s]sf 5g\ . 

ls/ft sfplG;n u7g

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

w/fg÷Ps k|]; la1KtL dfkm{t oxf ls/ft sfplG;n g]kfn gfds e"ldut ;+:yf u7g ul/Psf] 5 . hftLo ;+3if{sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf ;+3if{lzn If]lqo ;+u7g ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] eGb} ls/ft sfplG;n g]kfn gfds ;+u7g u7g ul/Psf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;f] la1KtLdf ls/ft k|b]ze/ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;DaGwL h] ;'s}
sf/afxL ug'{ k/]df sfplG;nnfO{ hfgsf/L ug'{ kg]{ cfb]zfTds lgb]{zg lbO{Psf] 5 . sfplG;nsf dxf;lrjsf] xjnf lbb} h;kfn ls/ftåf/f x:tfIfl/t ;f] la1KtLdf @! ;b:o ls/ft sfplG;n g]kfn u7g ul/Psf] atfO{P klg cGo kbflwsf/L tyf ;+u7gsf] sfof{nosf] af/]df :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .

vf]k sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g]

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

wgs'6f ÷cfufdL d+l;/ / kf}if dlxgfdf b'O{ r/0fdf u/L wgs'6f lhNnfsf jfnjflnsfx?nfO{ kf]lnof] / bfb'/f vf]k lbOg] ePsf] 5 .  lhNnf hg:jf:Wo sfof{no wgs'6fn] z's|jf/ Ps sfo{s|dsf] cfof]hgf u/L ;xefuL ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw , /fhlglt bnsf k|ltlglw / :yfgLo ;~rf/sdL{x?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] xf] .

hGd] b]lv kfFr jif{ ;Ddsf @$ xhf/ ^;o @! hgfnfO[{ kf]lnof] / gf} dlxgf b]lv kfFr jif{ ;Ddsf pd]/ ePsf !( xhf/ % ;o ^! hgfnfO{ bfb'/fsf] vf]k lbOg] nIo /flvPsf] sfof{no vf]k zfvf k|d'v s[i0f efujt >]i7n] hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] 5 . vf]k sfo{s|d cGtut{ klxnf] r/0fsf] d+l;/ @! b]lv @( ;Dd lhNnfsf] !* j6f uflj;x?df ;~rfng ul/g] ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L bf]>f] r/0fsf] vf]k sfo{s|d kf]}if ^ b]lv !$ ;Dd !& j6f uflj; / wgs'6f gu/kflnsfdf ;~rfng x'g] lhNnf hg:jfYo sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5. lr;f] df};d z'? ePsf] sf/0f vf]k sfo{s|d @ r/0fdf ;~rfng ug'{ k/]sf] klg sfof++{non] hgfPsf] 5.  

6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/sf] dfu

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

wgs'6f ÷g]kfndf 6«]8 o"lgog clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug{ t'?Gt} o; ;DjGwL lgjf{rg lgofdjnL jgfpg' kg{] ljrf/ zlgjf/ wgs'6fdf ;DkGg Ps sfo{s|df jQfx?n] jtfPsf 5g .  g]kfn lghfdlt sd{rf/L ;+u7g wgs'6fn] cfof]hgf u/]sf]  k]zfut xslxts]f ;Gbe{df 6«]8 o"lgogsf] e'ldsf  ljifos sfo{s|dsf jQfx?n] lgofdfjnL lgdf0f{ sfo{df ;/sf/n] l9nf] ug{{ gx'g] ljrf/ Joftm u/]sf x'g\ . 

;f] cj;/df jf]Ng' x'Fb} lghfdlt sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf dxf;lrj k"Gok|;fb 9sfnn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn ;Dd klg 6«]8 o"lgog lgjf{rgsf] lgofdjnL jgfpg g;s]/ nfrf/Lkg b]vfO/x]sf] cf/f]k nufpg' ePsf] 5 . ;fy} pxfFn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj j}1flgs 9+un] ;dfof]hg ug'{ kg]{ atfpg' x'Fb} dxf;lrj 9sfnn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] klbo bfloTj,sfo{ If]q / clwsf/sf] jfF8kmfF8 ;'lglZrt ug'{ kg]{df hf]8 lbg' eof] .

sfo{s|ddf pkl:yt ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;x–;lrj rGb| l3ld/]n] sfo{s|ddf p7]sf ;jfn / ;'emfjnfO{ cfkm'n] ;DjGwLt lgsfodf k'¥ofpg] k|ltj4tf Jotm ug'{ eof] . 6]«8 o"lgog clwsf/Lsf] nflu ;/sf/ pbf/ /x]sf] jtfpb} dGqfnosf ;x–;lrj l3ld/]n] o"lgogsf] lgjf{rg lgofdfjnL rfF8} tof/ kfg]{ tof/Ldf h'6]sf] jtfpg' eof] . g]kfn lghfdlt sd{rf/L ;+u7g wgs'6fsf cWoIf ho/fd >]i7sf] cWoItfdf ;DkGg ePsf] ;f] sfo{qmddf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx? / k]zfut ;+3 ;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx?n] cf–cfkm\gf] ljrf/ /Vg'ePsf] lyof] .

'kqsf/ sNof0f sf]if :yfkgf

 hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

wgs'6f ÷kqsf/ dxf;3 wgs'6f zfvfn] lhNnfdf sfo{/t kqsf/x?sf] xslxtsf nflu kqsf/ sNof0f sf]if ;~rfng ug]{ ePsf] 5 .  g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;3 wgs'6f zfvfsf] ut ljlxjf/ j;]sf] lgoldt j}7sn] kqsf/ sNof0f sf]if ;~rfng ug]{ lgo0f{ u/]sf] xf] . j}7sn] zfvf ;x ;lrj ;GtjL/ nfdfsf] ;of]hsTjdf kfFr ;b:oLo kqsf/ sNof0f sf]if ;~rfng ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] xf] .

g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;3 wgs'6f zfvfsf cWoIf ljho ;Gtf]ifL /fO{sf] cWoIftfdf j;]sf] j}7sn] sNof0f sf]if ;~rfng ;ldltsf] ;b:ox?df /d]zrGb| clwsf/L , lxdf r]Dhf]Ë, gu]Gb| /fO{ , ;Gtf]if ?rfn
/xg' ePsf] 5 .  kqsf/ sNof0f sf]if ;~rfng ;ldltsf] ;Nnfxsf/ zfvf cWoIf ljho ;Gtf]ifL /fO{ , k"j{ cWoIf4o uf]kfn clwsf/L / 6+s jxfb'/ \/fO{ /xg' ePsf] 5  .  

ko{6gdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

wgs'6f÷ cajGg] gofF ;+ljwfgdf ko{6g If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf j9fpg] k|fjwfgsf] Uof/]06L ul/g' kg]{ ljrf/ uPsf] z's|jf/ wgs'6fdf ;DkGg sfo{s|dsf jQfx?n] jtfPsf 5g\ . Gofo / clwsf/sf] nflu xftx? gfds ;+:yfåf/f cfof]hgf ul/Psf]  ko{6g If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f  ljifos sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf jQfx?n] ko{6g ljsf;df dlxnfx?sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ ca jGg] ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ ljrf/ JofQm u/]sf x'g . g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{sf] ;xof]udf ;rflnt ;f] cGt/ls|of sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL clwsf; jQfx?n] ko{6g If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf cTofGt} sd /xsf] jtfPsf 5g .

           ;f] cj;/df cfof]hs ;+:yfsL s]lGb|o cWoIf clhtf cof{nn] æko{6g If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] d"n k|jfxLs/0fÆ ljifos sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L wgs'6f jx'd'vL SofDk;sf k|fWofks ls/0f l3ld/]]n] æwgs'6f lhNnfsf ;Eefljt ko{6lso If]qx?Æ ljifos df}lvs sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq dfly v'NNff?kdf 5nkmn sfo{df ;xefuL xF'b} jQmfx?n] ;fRrLs} ko{6g If]qnfO{ ;/n 9+un] ljsf; ug{ /fHon] k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP . cfof]hs ;+:yfsL cwIo clhtf cof{nnsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg sfo{qmddf wgs'6f lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L /fd' k|;fb pkfWofo, k'g/fj]bg jf/ wgs'6fsf cwIo gu]Gb|eQm >]i7 nufot ljleGg /fhlglts bnsf k|ltlgwL, j'l4hLlj / :yfgLo ;~rf/sdL{x?n] cf– cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fv]sf lyP .

b]p;Le}nf]sf] /sdn] rlk{ lgdf{0f

hgljZjf; ;dfrf/bftf

a;Gt6f/ ÷ c7f/;o dfWoflds ljBfno a;Gt6f/sf]  cfof]hgfdf lzIfs , cleefjs / Jofj:yfkg ;ldlt ldn]/ b]p;L e}nf] v]nL %! xhf/ ?k}of rGbf ;+sng u/]sf 5g\ . 

          ljBfnodf rkf]{sf] cfjZos k/]sf]n] 5fq  5fqfsf] j]Unf j]Un} b'O{sf]7] rkf]{ lgdf0f{sf] nfuL ;+slnt ;xof]u /sd vr{ ul/g] lzIfs r]tgfy cfrfo{n] hgljZjf;nfO{ jtfpg' eof] .

;xsf/Lsf] ;fwf/0f;ef ;DkGg

wgs'6f÷…6f]n6f]ndf ;xsf/L 3/ 3/df /f]huf/LÚ eGg] d'n gf/fsf ;fy ;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ ultlbg] k|ltj4tf ;lxt wgs'6f jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]6sf] rf}yf] ;fw/0f;ef zlgjf/ eAo?kdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . k|+d'v lhNnf clwsf/L /fd'k|;fb pkfWofosf] k|d'v cfltYodf ;DkGg ;fw/0f;efdf wgs'6f jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=sf= cWoIf b'uf{ bfxfnn] cfly{s jif{ )^$÷)^% sf] k'FhL lgdf{0f tkm{ ^# nfv &@ xhf/ ( ;o %^ ?kofF j/fj/sf] k|ult ljj/0f k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

          To;}u/L nufgL cz'nL tkm{ cWoIf bfxfnn] ! s/f]8 @@ nfv (& xhf/ @ ?k}of a/fj/sf] cfly{s k|utL ljj/0f k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cj;/df pxfFn] cf=j= )^$÷)^% sf] oyfy{ cfo $ nfv @% xhf/ ^ ;o %@ ?k}of / oyfy{ Aofh klg $ nfv @% xhf/ ^ ;o %@ ?k}of g} k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;fwf/0f;efdf pkl:yt cltly tyf z]o/ wlg ;b:ox?nfO{ :jfut ub}{ ;+:yfsf pkfWoIf lg/g tfdfËn] wgs'6fdf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] clxn] ;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ;xsf/L k|lt ;j}sf] rf;f] / ljZjf; a9\b} uPsf] / ;xsf/L efjgf cg'?k ;fd'lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; e}/x]sf] 5 eGg] atfpg'eof] . ;f] cj;/df wgs'6f jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub}{ ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx? ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yf u}x| ;/sf/L tyf ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] k|ltlglwx?n] z'esfdgf dGtJo JofQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

;dfh;]jL AolQmTjsf] lgwg

kfv|Laf;÷wgs'6f lhNnf kfv|Laf; uflj; jf8{ g+=–# lgjf;L ;dfh;]jLsf ?kdf laVoft sdfpg' ePsf >L ;]g s'df/ /fO{sf] ut sflQs !* ut] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] 5 . ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] ;fgf] b'ªdf uflj; –#, df !(*& cf;f]h @) ut] hGdg" eO{ sd{ ynf] wgs'6f lhNnfsf] kfv|Laf; uflj;nfO{ agfpg' ePsf /fO{n] kfv|Ljf; uflj;sf] ;dfh;]jfdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ef/lto uf]vf{ ;}lgsaf6 k]G;g kfpg' ePsf ;]g s'df/ /fO{n] kfv|Laf; uflj;df :yfoL a;f]jf; ug'{ eO{ ufpsf] ljsf;df lqmoflzn x'g' ePsf] xf] . pxfn] kfv|Laf;df lzjfno dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f sldl6sf] cWoIfsf] uxg lhDd]jf/L lgefpg' ePsf] lyof] eg] k|x/L rf}sL ejgsf] lgdf{0f tyf ufpFdf wf/f, s'jf tyf rlk{ lgdf{0f ug]} hgr]tgfsf] sfddf cxf]/fq nfUg' ePsf]
lyof] .jxfFsf] c;fdlos lgwgn] kfv|Ljf; uflj;nfO{ ck'/l0fo Iflt k'u]sf] dx;'if u/]sf] 5 .

ljb]zdf lgwg ePsfnfO{ ;xof]u

dn]l;of÷ dn]l;ofdf sfo{/t ef]hk'/ h/fof]6f/–% sf /fd jxfb'/ /fO{sf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] x'Fbf ef]hk'/ h/fof]6f/ 3/ ePsf xfn stf/df sfo{/t
;'/]Gb| v8\sf, /fhs'df/ j:g]t / clgn j:g]tsf] kxndf l;=
stf/,cn= dtflgog / lko/
8]sf]/];g sDkgLdf sfo{/t ef]hk'/
h/fof]6f/ 3/ ePsf g]kfnL bfh'efO{jf6 d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ g]kfnL ?k}Fof ^),!&) wgs'6f lxn]sf sf ldq jxfb'/ v8\sf dfkm{t k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

ldng :d[tL ;flxTo k'/:sf/ ;'s]{nLnfO{

a]nfot ÷ldng b]jfg :d[lt -cg];fd+_ ;flxTo k'/:sf/ @)^% o'jf ;flxTosf/ b]j]Gb| ;'s]{nLnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . ljut % aif{ cl3 :yflkt cgnfOg g]kfnL ;flxTo d+rn] lg/Gt/ g]kfnL ;flxTo ljsf; / k|a{4gsf] nflu sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ut lj= ;= @)^$ df o; ;flxTo d+r dfkm{t ldng b]jfg :d[lt -cg];fd+_ ;flxTo k'/:sf/ :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . k'/:sf/sf] nflu pko'Qm ;|i6f;h{sx?sf] gfdfjnL l;kmfl/; ug]{ v'Nnf ;"rgf cg';f/ ljZjsf ljleGg 7fFpx?af6 www.sahityaGhar.com dfkm{t ^# hgfsf] gfd k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . k|fKt l;kmfl/; dWo] k|foM l;lgo/ ;|i6fx?sf] gfd /x]sf] lyof] oBkL o;aif{sf] k'/:sf/ 5gf}6 sldl6n] ut @% cS6f]a/sf] lbg n08gdf cfof]lht j]nfot g]kfnL ;flxTo dxf]T;jsf] cj;/df o'jf ;flxTosf/ b]j]Gb| ;'s]{nLnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ 3f]if0ff u¥of] .

dn]lzofdf /x]/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] nflu cys of]ubfg k'¥ofpb} cfPsf ;'s]{nLn] @ j6f s[lt leQf af]Nb}g @)%( sljtf ;+u|x / cfd'n kl/jt{gsf] af6f] @)^# lgaGw ;+u|x g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ k|bfg ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;|i6f ;'s]{nL lj= ;+= @)#* ;fndf t]x|y'd hGdg' eO{ xfn k|sfzk'/ ;'G;/Ldf a;f]jf; ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 .

          k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf lj= ;= @)#$ c;f]hdf wgs'6f af]w]df hGdg' ePsf :jlu{o ldng b]jfgsf] gfddf jxfsf] bfh' cfgGb b]jfgn] ug'{ePsf] xf] . :j= ldngn] dfWoflds lzIffsf] cWofog ;bg :s'n w/fgdf k"/f u/]sf lyP / /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf stf/ k'u]sf] avt Tolx pgsf] c;dflos lgwg ePsf] lyof] . ;flxTo d+rn] k|To]s aif{ k|bfg ug]{ o; k'/:sf/sf] gub /fl; !) xhf/ ?k}of /x]sf] 5 .

                             –ljZ|jf; bLk ltu]nfaf6

dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f cleofg

e«i6rf/L– ;+:s[ltsf] h8 sxfF 5 Û

s]zj kxf8L

dfgj;Eoftfsf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} e|i6rf/ ug]{ k|+j[lQsf]] klg cfkm'nfO{ Hofb} ljsl;t / kl/is[tub}{ nu]s]f kfOG5 . cfhsf] b'lgofFdf e|i6rf/ Pp6f ;d:ofsf] ?kdf dfq g/x]/ Hofb} ulx/f];Fu h/f uf8]/ eflg;sf] dgdl:tisdf a;]sf] ;+:s[ltsf] ?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . e|i6rf/–;+:s[lt g t g]kfn h:tf clt sd ljsl;t b]zx?sf] dfq ;d:of xf] g t sfg'gL jf6f]af6 dfq of] s';+:s[ltsf] h8;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 . dfqfdf km/s x'g ;Sb5,tl/sfdf leGgtf x'g ;Sb5,z}nL km/s x'g ;Sb5 . t/ of] ;+:s[lt hxfF hxfF dfgjj:tL 5 ToxfF ToxfF ;Dd
o;/L emfFlub} / km}lnb} uPsf] 5 ls dflg;,;dfh / /fHo aLrsf] cGof]gfl>t cGt/;DaGwnfO{ Hofb} dl;gf] u/]/ s]nfpFb} d"ntM dflg;sf] ;f]r / b[li6sf]0f kl/jt{g ug]{ ax'cfoflds / k|efjsf/L k|of;x? gug]{ xf] eg] …e|i6rf/Ú eGg] zAb …dflg;Ú eGg] zAbsf] kof{kjfrL ePsf] x]g{ Tolt w]/} ;do s'g}{ kb}{g . lsgls cfw'lgs ;Eoftfsf] gfddf dflg;n] cfkm'nfO{ hlt al9 :jfyL{ jgfpFb} n}hfG5, pm leq /x]sf] dfG5] Tolt Tolt e|i6«rf/L aGb} uPsf] 5 . e|i6« / cfrf/ oL b'O{ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] of] zAbn] ;dfhdf cfd dflg;x?n] a'em] h:tf] cfly{s ckrngsf] ljifonfO{ dfq ;d]6\b}g a? rngrNtLdf /x]sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf / g}lts aGwgeGbf jflx/ uP/ ul/g] hf] s's}sf h'g;'s} sfdx? klg e|i6"rf/ cyjf
e|i6« cfr/0f / Jojxf/ cGt/ut kb{5g\ . dg,jrg / sd{n] ;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ j]jf:tf ub}{ lglh lxtnfO{ k|fyflstfdf /fv]/ ul/g] ;j} dfgjLo Jojxf/x? e|i6« cGt/ut kb{5g\ . To;}n] hj;dd ;fd"lxs lxt / lghL lxt jLrsf] cToGt ;Dj]bgzLn / cGof]gfl>t ;DaGwsf] jf:tfljstfnfO{ dflg;n] lbn}b]lv cfTd;ft ub}{g,clg ha ;dd To:tf] cfTd:jLs[lt cg';f/sf] jrg / Jojxf/df cfkm'nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ p tof/ x'fb}g tj;Dd e|i6«rf/ sd ePsf] jf x'g] s'/fsf] ;kgf b]Vg' ukmf8Lsf] ukm eGbf clnslt klg km/s x'Fb}g .

          dflg; hGdhft ?kdf :jfyL{ k|f0fL xf] . cyjf dflg; eg]lsf] :jfy{sf] lk08g} xf] . To;}n] lg/k]If ?kdf lgM:jfy{ dfG5]sf] sNkgf ug'{ eGbf j]sf/sf] csf]{ s'g} s'/f g} x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] dflg;n] cfkm\gf] :jfy{nfO{ k|fyfldstf lbg' ljns'n :jfefljs / k|fs[lts s'/f xf] . t/ of] s'/fn] ;Tosf] Pp6f kf6f]nfO{ dfq b]vfpF5 . dflg;sf] csf]{ kf6f] eg]sf] dflg; ;fdflhs x'g'sf] jfWofTds cj:yf xf] . cyf{t\ dflg; :jfyL{ x'G5 / x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f hlt ;fFrf] xf] p;sf ;j} :jfy{x?sf] l;l4 x'g] ynf] eg]sf] ;dfhg} xf] eGg] s'/f klg Tolts} ;fFrf] xf] . o;n] dflg;n] lglh :jfy{ / ;fd"lxs :jfy{jLr pko'Qm tfnd]n / ;Gt'ng sfod x'g} k5{ eGg] jfWofTds cj:yfnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf ;+s]t ul//x]sf] x'G5 . olt :ki6 s'/fnfO{ klg hj dfl;gn] a'em\g ;Sb}g cyjf a'em\g] cj;/ kfpFb}g cyjf a'em]/ klg a'em krfpg] sfd ub{5 Tof] a]nfdf dflg; :jtMl;4?k lghL :jfy{tkm{ nDk/ eP/ nfUb5 . kmn:j?k p;n] cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs rl/q u'dfpFb} hfG5 . oxL d];f]df p kQ} gkfOsg e|i6«frf/sf] bnbndf km:g k'Ub5 . cyf{t\ ;dflhs :jfy{nfO{ j]jf:tf u/]/} cyjf ;dflhs e"ldsfnfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]/} d]/f] lghL :jfy{sf] ;+;f/ /demdk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] e|dn] p;nfO{ ;tfpF5 . of] lrGtg / Jojxf/n] p;nfO{ ;dfhaf6 ;d"xaf6 cnu ynu agfpFb} n}hfG5 . hj dflg;sf] dg,jrg / Jojxf/ lghL jfy{tkm{ o;/L Psf]xf]l/G5,;dfhdf yl/yl/sf ljs[lt / lj;+ultx? hGdg,x's{g / km}ng yfNb5g\ . o:tf s'/fx?n] rngrNtLsf] sfg'g,g}lts aGwg / dfgjLo d"No / dfGotfx?sf] 7f8f] pNn+3g x'g yfNb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf dfgj;Eoftfsf] ljsf; qmdg} cj?4 x'G5 . ;dfhdf åGåsf
h/fx? ufl8b} hfG5g\ . xTof,lx+;f / c/fhstf lttf] ;Tosf] ?kdf ;dfhdf k|s6 x'G5g\ . dflg;n] cg'zf;gsf] aGwgdf j:g OGsf/ ug{ yfNb5 . of] cj:yf a9\b} hfFbf dfgj hfltsf] cl:tTjdfg} z+s6 cfpF5 . dfgj clwsf/ / dfgj st{Josf cfwf/e"t d"No / dfGotfx? g} w/fkdf kb}{ hfG5g\ . cyf{t\ dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[lto'Qm ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofg z+s6df kb{5 . of] cj:yfdf g t dflg;sf lghL :jfy{x? k"/f x'g] g} jtfj/0f x'G5 g t ;dflhs :jfy{x? g} k"/f x'G5g\ . cyf{t\ dflg; / l;Ëf] dfgj;dfh Ps}rf]6L z+s6df kb{5g\ . clxn]sf] d'Vo ;d:ofg} oxL xf] .

of] jf:tfljstfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{sf] ljsNk dflg;;Fu 5}g . e|i6frf/sf] h8 eg]sf] lghL :jfy{df lg/k]If 9+un] nDk6 eP/ nfUg] k|j[lQ g} xf] . dfgj:jefjsf] of] jf:tljstfnfO{ b]zsf] sfg'g,lzIff / wfld{s–;+f:s[lts Jojxf/x?n] cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . lghL :jfy{ / ;fd"lxs :jfy{nfO{ ;Gt'lnt 9+un] cuf8L a9fpg' kb{5 eGg] ;f]rsf] ljsf; u/L tbg'?ksf dfgjLo Jojxf/x? x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ tkm{ ;a}sf] Wofg hfg' g} ;a}sf] enf] x'g] cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf xf] . of] sfddf cu'jfO{ sfg'gsf] x'g' kb{5 t/ ;xof]u eg] ;a}sf] rflxG5 . e|i6«frf/sf] s';+:s[ltnfO{ kmfNg of] g} lglj{sNk pkfo xf] .

;+ª\3Lotfdf dlxnf

cfwf cfsfz

;+uLtf l/hfn

;ª\3Lotfn] ljljwtfnfO{ klxrfg u5{ . o;n] Pstf sfod u5{ . To;}sf/0f jiff{}+b]lv yf]kl/Psf] Ps efiff, Ps ;+:s[lt / Ps wd{sf] /fli6«otfsf] vf]naf6 aflx/ lgl:sP/ /fHosf ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt / hfthfltsf] klxrfg ;ª\3Lotfn] u5{ . ljz]ifu/L ;ª\3Lotfdf alx:s/0fdf k/]sf efiffefifL, lnª\u / ju{sf] klxrfgn] ;a} hgtfn] ljljwtfleq Pstf dx;'; u5{g\ . /fli6"otfsf] vDaf dflgPsf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] ljsNk ;ª\3LotfeGbf csf]{ gePsf] sf/0f b]zn] of] k|0ffnL cjnDag ub}{ 5 . sl/a b'O{ ;o $) jif{ nfdf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHo ;++/rgf cGttM ljlwjt\ ¿kdf cGTo ePsf] 5 / d'n's ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k|j]z
u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g] eGg]af/] eg] cem} :ki6 vfsf tof/ eO;s]sf] 5}g .

;ª\3Lotfn] PsfTds / s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo-k|0ffnLaf6 ;ª\3Lo / ljs]lGb|t zlQmsf] lgIf]kLs/0f u5{ . x'gt ljut s]xL jif{otf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|;ª\u k|z:t rn] . o;sf nflu s]xL kxn;d]t eP . lgIf]kLs/0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f eg]sf] Pp6} xf]Og . …ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf zlQm s]xL ¿kdf afF8kmfF8 eP klg To;n] ljljwtfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{g . t/, lgIf]kLs/0fdf ;a} efiffefifL, If]q / lnª\u s]Gb|laGb' aGg k'U5g\Ú ;ef;b\ tyf clwjQmf ;kgf dNn k|wfgsf] egfOdf .

To;}sf/0f ;ª\3fTds /fHo-k|0ffnLdf k|lqmofut ¿kdf g} dlxnfnfO{ kmfObf x'G5 . t/, o;sf nflu dlxnf ;hs x'g h?/L 5 . dlxnfdfem Pstf / ;xsfo{ ePg eg] Tof] nfe pgLx¿n] gkfpg klg ;S5g\ . ljz]if u/]/ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df lnª\usf] dfq klxrfg eP/ gk'Ug] 7x/ clwjQmf dNnsf] 5 . …dlxnfleq klg wgL / ul/a dlxnfnfO{ 5'6\ofP/ x]g{ h?/L
x'G5 . ef}uf]lns ¿kdf k5fl8 kfl/Psf / hftLo ¿kdf alx:s/0fdf k/]sf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{,Ú k|wfgsf] egfO 5 . ;ª\3Lotfdf klg ;fdGtjfb xfaL ePsf k|z:t pbfx/0f
/x]sf] k|wfgsf] egfO 5 .

/fhgLlts bnx¿ hgtfsf k|ltlglw x'g\ . t/, hgtf eg]s} /fhgLlts bn x'g\ eGg] cy{ nufpg ldNb}g . t/, clxn] bnx¿ g} ;a} dfldnfdf hgtfsf k|ltlglw x'g\ eGg] efjgf 5, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yfdf Tof] :jfefljs klg x'g;Snf . t/, /fhgLlts bn hjfkmb]xL geP;Dd hgtfdf zlQm lgIf]kLs/0f s;/L x'G5 eGg] d'Vo dfldnf xf] . zlQm k[ysLs/0f clxn] klg 5 . ef]ln t emg\
/fHo / If]q b'j}sf] x'G5 . t/, Tof] ;ª\3Lotfdf dlxnfnfO{ s;/L :jfldTj lbg] eGg] s'/f k|d'v x'g ;S5 .

zlQm afF8kmfF8sf nflu dfq ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL cjnDag eof] eg] Tof] ;ª\3Lotf ck'/f] x'G5 . zlQm afF8kmfF8nfO{ ;fdflhs cfjZostf;Fu hf]8]/ x]g'{kg]{ dlxnf clwsf/sdL{ tyf ;ef;b\ cf/h' b]pjf /f0ff atfpFl5g\ . ;ª\3LotfnfO{ klg lkt[;Qf;Fu hf]8]/ ljZn]if0f ug{'kg]{df pgsf] hf]8 5 . 8f= b]pjfsf egfOdf ;ª\3LotfnfO{ s;/L dlxnfd}qL agfpg] eGg]df ;a}sf] hf]8 x'g'k5{ . lsgls ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg]lalQs} xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljBdfg bdgsf/L lje]bk"0f{ ;+:sf/ kl/jt{g eOxfNb}g . lkt[;QfTds dfgl;stfdf ef]ln g} kl/jt{g xF'b}g . dlxnf rgfvf] geP sltko cj:yfdf zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8df dlxnfsf] cj:yf emg\ v:sg klg ;S5 . ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg]lalQs} dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'G5 eGg] ;f]lrxfNg gx'g] pgsf] egfO 5 . ;ª\3Lotfsf] ljsNk g/x]sf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf dlxnfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrttfsf nflu s'g /fHo-k|0ffnLdf s:tf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ eGg]tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]pjf atfpFl5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu dw]; Ps /fHo eof] / dw]; /fHo-Joj:yfn] ToxfFsf dlxnfnfO{ 3'D6f]leq} a:g'kg]{ ;+:sf/ sfod /fVof] eg] To;n] dlxnfsf] hLjgdf tflTjs km/s NofpFb}g . To;}u/L ;'b"/klZrd csf]{ /fHo eof] / ToxfFsf] /fHo-k|0ffnLn] 5fpk8LnfO{ ;+:s[ltsf] gfddf k|>o lbof] eg] To;n] dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf km/s NofpFb}g . To;}n], ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] qmddf dlxnf cfkm\gf] cl:tTj / klxrfgsf] af/]df k|:6 x'g'kg]{ ts{ b]pjfsf] 5 . To;}n] s:tf] k|0ffnL agfof] eg] dlxnfn] 7fpF kfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f klxn] g} to x'g'k5{ .

hlt klg ;ª\3Lotf;DaGwL ax; x'G5g\ clwsf+z k'?if-k'?ifaLr dfq} x'g] u5{ . dlxnf;Fu klg ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;jfndf 5nkmn x'g'k5{ . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ r':t ¿kdf dlxnfsf] kIfdf kfg{ ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf dlxnfsf] kxn x'g'k5{ . casf] ;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf s] x'g] eGg]df :ki6 kl/efiff x'g'k5{ . s'g} /fHodf s'g} hfltljz]ifsf] afx'No ePsf] v08df To;leqsf cNk;ª\Vossf] cj:yf s] x'g] eGg]af/] ;+ljwfgd} k|:6 x'g'k5{ eGg] b]pjfsf] 7x/ 5 .

e"uf]nljb\ 8f= kLtfDa/ zdf{n] …g]kfnL Sofgef;sf /ª\ux¿ M hftLotfsf] ef}uf]lns kIfÚ k':tsdf n]v]sf 5g\, …;+;f/sf emG8} b'O{ ;o b]zdWo] nueu b'O{ltxfO{ b]zdf sDtLdf klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ hftLo jf wfld{s cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo kfOG5, Tof] hg;ª\Vof To; b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cj:yf ct'ngLo 5, lsgeg] g]kfn d"ntM cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf] b]z xf] .ÚclwjQmf k|wfg …/fHo ;ª\3Lotfdf hfFbf cNk;ª\Vossf] ;+o'Qm clwsf/ s] x'G5 / JolQmut clwsf/ s;/L lglZrt ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf 5nkmn u/L lbzf–lgb]{z ug{ cfjZos /x]sf]Ú atfpFl5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dw];df dw];L dfq geP/ yf¿ / kxf8] d"nsf klg 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf dw]; /fHo x'Fbf To;leqsf cGo cNk;ª\Vossf] cj:yf s] x'g] / To;df klg dlxnfsf] cj:yf s] x'g] eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn u/L k|:6 wf/0ff x'g'k5{ . ;~rfl/sf ;d"x

rt/f3f6sf] rNnf] / gf/fg3f6sf] levf/L

km|d b af]8{/

lg/fhg atf;

          …emf]nf af]sfpg] xf] < af]sfpg] efÚ af]sfpg' .Ú dfG5]sf] cSsn nufP/ c+sn eGb} km'Rr] cfzftLt cg'/f]w u5{–…tkfOsf] emf]nf d af]lslbG5' lg c+sn .Ú pM ;a}nfO{ uGb} x]5{ / 3l/ jfl/ / 3l/ kfl/ uP/ o;} eG5–…cfG6L tkfOsf] Aofu u?ª eP d ;3fpFy] .Ú pm b}lgs e]l6g] 7fpmF ag]sf] 5 of] .

          rt/f3f6 gfdL ePsf] 5 lxhf]cfh . ;Ktsf]zLn] k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{sf] ;'g;/L–
;Kt/L ;Ldfv08sf] v08 vfOlbPkl5 k"j{–klZrd ug]{ ofqLx? k"j{af6 wf/fg–rt/f3f6 / lelqdw]; pbok'/sf a'ªa'ª w'nf}6] / 3'dfp/f] lkFw y]rfl/g] ;8s 6]s]/ hfg afWo ePsf
5g\ . klZrdaf6 k"j{ lkm/]sf jf lx8]sfnfO{ klg cGo ljsNksf dfu{x?eGbf To} af6f] a9L ;'/lIft nfu]sf] 5 . lbgdf cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug]{ s/La !% xhf/ ofqL Ps 7fpFdf y'kfg]{ xf] eg] pe} x]g'{kg]{ /f; aGnf t/ Tolt ;+Vofn] cf]lt{/ klt{/ w]/yf]/ ;f:tL v]Kb} eP klg lxhf]cfh rt/f3f6 tg]{ u/]sf] 5 . h'ub]lv Psfw ufpFn]x? Xjf/{ aNg] l;6f / lem+hf vf]Hg jf/kf/ ug]{ 3f6df clxn] cfsfz em'lNsbf / lgEbf;Dd /ldt} nfUbf] eL8 5 . eL8n] p;nfO{ b]Vnf gb]Vnf t/ pm eL8sf] k|To]snfO{ Ps Ps b]Vb5 .

          …s] eG5 of] rNnf] <Ú Ps ultndfg ofqL] p;sf] ;+j]bgf s'Nr]/ p;nfO{ …rNnf]Ú elglbG5 . …k/ hfÚ, …efu\Ú ltg} cg'xf/n] p;nfO{ o;/L xkf5{g\ . p;n] lbgdf s/La bz afx| emf]nf jNnf] e+ufnf]b]lv kNnf] e+ufnf];Dd bz ?k}ofF b/n] af]Sb5 . kl;gf au/df tlKsbf] 5 / a]kjf{x ;'Sbf] 5 . w]/} rNnf]x?dWo]sf] pm Pp6f rNnf] sfd u/]/ rf/f] hf]xf] ubf]{ 5 .

          Ujf/UjftL{ dfG5] lx8\g] d"naf6f] ag]sf] rt/f3f6df cr]n +rNnfÚx?sf] laulauL 5 . ljBfno k9\g hfg] a]nfsf b'wd'v]x?nfO{ rNnf] ag]sf] b]Vbf s;}sf] dgdf P]+7g gkg{ / kg{ b'j} ;S5 / kg'{ / gkg'{n] s'g} cy{ klg g/fVg ;S5 . dl;gf kfv'/fx?n] bfd / sfdsf] df]ndf]nfO ul//x]sf 5g\ . 3f6df eL8 nfUg yfn]b]lv kf/L pbok'/ / jf/L rt/f / cGo 6f9f ufpFsf afnsx? >d ug{ au/ em/]sf 5g\ . sf]xL cfkm}+ / sf]xL cleefjsn] k7fPsf pgLx?nfO{ b]v]/ oltv]/ ;'Gb/ sNkgf ul/Psf] b]zsf] efjL k':tfsf] ;'b'/ eljio cf+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . 9'+ufn] 3f]r]/ 3fpm ag]sf kfOtfnf / 7f]lsPsf cf}+nfdf afFlwPsf t/ km'l:sPsf em'd|fx? a]jf:tf ub}{ pgLx? s'w\5g\ pgLx?sf] 9f8df cfkm' a9Lsf] emf]nfx? 5fFlbPsf 5g\ .

          …cfhsf] afns ef]lnsf] s0f{wf/Ú eGg s'g} klg afFsL r'r] d'vn] afFsL /fv]g . t/ b]zdf a]nf a]nf 7"n} d'2f aGg] u/]sf] t/ 7f]; s]xL x'g] gu/]sf] …afn>dÚ zLif{s vfnL kf]i6/ / lj1fkg eGbf pkNnf] ag]g . …rNnfÚ rf/f]sf] cfz ug{ ;Sb}g d'v]x?;Fu / tLg u]8f slgsfsf] nflu afn'jfdf hf]ltG5 . zx/sf vft] afnsx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/g'k5{ eGb} …;8s afnsÚ gfdfs/0f
u/]/ gfkmfjfn lgsfox?n] ;8sdf g} cem} pgLx?nfO{ xsfb}{ lx+8L/x]sf] tLtf] ;To xf] . zx/df dfG5]sf] 8+u'/ / dfG5]n] agfPsf] kmf]x/sf] 8+u'/ / km]l/ b'j} yl/sf 8+u'/dfly afFlr/x]sf Hofnf dhb'/ afnaflnsfx? . zx/df lahf]u ;8s afnaflnsf / Hofnf dhb'/L ug]{sf] syf a]Un} km]xl/:t xf] . t/ o;/L Hofnf dhb'/L u/]/ Hofg kfNbf g};lu{s clwsf/ …lzIffÚ g} u'dfpg[kg]{ lgoltn] b]zsf a9L u|fdL0f afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Fw}{el/ 3]/]sf] 5 / k'u]sf 5g\ rNnf aGg . efjL z}lIfs hgzlQmsf ;Ktsf]zL ;Defjgfx? au/df ?em\bf sf]xL s;}n] uDeL/ eP/ s]xL ;f]lrlbg] km';{b /fVb}g . t/ cfkm'lrGt] sd{sf08L cu'jfn] au/;Dd / ;8s;Dd gLlt / sfdsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofPsf 5}gg\ . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] hgtfn] cfˆgf] enf] unf{g\ eg]/ …dfpÚ agfPsfx? …a]Zof dfpmÚ / hgtf …lrxLsf] rNnfÚ ePsf 5g\ To;}sf] kl/0ffdtM klg xf] rt/3f6sf] rNnf] .

          …krf;–krf;sf] la6f agf .Ú 8«fOe/ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;ts{ u/fpF5–…t]/f afpmn] e/] b'Mv lbG5 .Ú rt/f3f6 kf/L au/df ofqL r9]sf cfwL uf8L sf7df08' hfG5g\ . af6fdf abL{wf/L

lsgf/faf6 cln lelqG5 / eG5–…krf; n] Û lrof vfg'k/]g <Ú …o:tf] lg x'G5 otf<Ú ofq' cfZro{ af]N5–…s:tf] levf/L k'ln; /x]5g\ .Ú pbok'/b]lv g} k|To]s h;f] uf8Laf6 af6fdf plePsf 6«flkms / k|x/Ln] c? s'/f 5f8]/ z'?df g} uf8LnfO{ y'\Tg yfN5g\ . Ps uf8Laf6 /fhwfgL nfu]sf] uf8Laf6 gf/fo0f3f6df dfq b'O 7fpFdf lagf kf]i6 ;8sdf cf}krfl/stfsf nflu l7ªlu|Psf 6«flkmsn] a;sf] h]aaf6 krf;–krf; emf5{g\ . 8«fOe/sf]
lgl/xtf af]N5–…x'G5 ;/, lrof vfg';\ .Ú To;kl5 s'l/g6f/, gf}la;] cflb 7fpFdf km]l/ krf;–krf; v:b} hfG5 . elgPsf] ;'lgof] vf;u/L /ftLpFwf] / laxfg jf cGo a]nf g} klg k|x/L 8\o"6Ldf /x]sf a]nf k|foh;f] uf8Ln] krf;–krf;sf gf]6x? Psflt/ /flv/fVg'k5{ gq km]l/ csf]{ v]k b'Mv kfpg'kg]{ x'g;S5 . To} eP/ klg 6«flkms b]Vgf;fy ljgf
Ozf/f r'krfk krf; v:5 uf8Laf6 . /fhwfgL l5g]{ ;a}eGbf Ao:t k[YjL /fhdfu{df a;]sf 6«flkms k|x/L sf]xL l;s'6] / b'Anf nfUb}gg\ . 

          clg k|;+u hf]l8G5 rt/f3f6lt/sf] rNnf] / gf/fg3f6lt/sf] ;Unf] levf/Lsf] . lbge/ cfsfz af]s]/ rNNff] hfaf] bz ?k}ofF sdfpF5 . gf/fg3f6sf] duGt] krf;–krf; lbgsf] sl/a b'O krf; k6s hDdf u5{ / v'zLn] lkml;Ss xfF:5 . rNnf] sfFw 6s6SofpF5 / cfgGbdf em'D5 . rt/f3f6 To;/L afFR5 gf/fg3f6 To;/L /dfpF5 .

          dnfO{ nfUb5 g]kfnLn] b]z ljsf;sf] ;kgf gkfn]s} /fd|f], h] h;/L sdfO u/]/ cfˆgf] k]6 el/G5 To} a]z 5 . lsgeg] ljsf;sf] ;kgf ztfAbLof}+ k'/fgf] xf] / Tof] To;} u/L nlDab} hfg]5 . b]z ljsf; eP ;a} g]kfnLn] b'Mv kfpmGgg\ eGg] dfG5]sf] rsn]6 skf]sNkgf xf] . ljZjsf ljsf; cg'ejn] g]kfnLdf To;sf] s'g} ;+efjgf b]lvb}g . hfkfg cfheGbf s/La ^) jif{cl3 dfq} klg cfhsf] g]kfnsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df lyof] . t/ b]z ljsf;sf] nflu pgLx?n] ;fd"lxs sfd u/] . s;}nfO{ dfUg' / n'6\g' xf]Og pgLx?sf] ;a} nug b]z ljsf;df s]lGb|t eof] / cfh Pl;ofs} cUnf 3/x? ToxfF 5g\ . /fi6« ;d[l4sf nlu rLgdf k|To]s hgtfn] Ps 5fs vfP/ sfd
u/]sf] atfOG5 . t/ g]kfnsf] jLrlt/ u'8\b} ubf{ Ps g]kfnLn] abL{wf/L levf/L s]xL yfk]/ / w't]/ v'a /dfPsf] b]Vb5 / rNnf] lrplrp ul//x]sf] klg e]6\b5 . / km]l/ k"j{ cyjf klZrd nfu]sf] To} ofqLnfO{ ofqf ;lsPkl5 klg a'ªa'ª w'nf}6], le/fnf], 3'dfp/f] / lrKn]6L af6f]n] klv{/xG5 . 

;d;fdlos

cNk;+Vosx?sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff -Minority Rights_

          8f= dx]Gb| nfjtL

k|hftGqdf ax'dtsf] kfngf ;fy;fy} cNk;+Vosx?sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff klg Tolt g} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .ax'dtsf] cfwf/df s;}sf] klg /fhg}lts / gful/s -Political rights and civil liberties _ clwsf/ vf]l;g' x'Fb}g . ax'dtn] cNkdtsf] /fhg}lts / j}olQms clwsf/ vf];]sf] v08df k|hftGq vQd x'G5 . To;}n] ax';fF:s[lts b]zx?df cNk;+Vos hfltx?sf] efiff,wd{,;+:sf/,hLjgz}nL cflb ;'/lIft ul/g'kb{5 lsgls tL kIfx? pgLx?sf hLjgsf cfwf/e"t ;jfnx? x'g\ . k|hftGqdf ax'dtsf] cfwf/df cNk;+Vos ;d'bfox?sf] ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ vf]:g] s;}nfO{ klg clwsf/ x'Fb}g . t;y{ /fHon] ljleGg ;d'bfox?sf] ;fF:s[lts xs clwsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] nflu /fHo wd{lg/k]If agfOg'kb{5 . cflv/,dflg;nfO{ wd{ rflxg ;S5 t/ /fHonfO{ wd{ h?/t kb}{g . dft[efiffx?aLr ;dfgtf ;[[hgf ul/g'kb{5 . ljleGg efiff, wd{, ;+:sf/sf] ;'/Iff / k|f]T;fxg,;a} ;d'bfox?nfO{ rf8jk{x?df 5'§L,;a}sf ;+:s[lt hu]gf{ ug{ /fHon] ljz]if kxn ug'{kb{5 .

          cNk;+Vosx?sf] xs –clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff ug{ k|ydtM !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] ljleGg lje]bsf/L k|fjwfgx? vf/]h ul/g'kb{5 . g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3n] @) j6feGbf a9L ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx? lje]bsf/L 5g\ eg]/ 3f]iff0ff u/]sf] 5 . To:t} dw];L,dlxnf  / blntx?n] klg ljleGg k|fjwfg –x?sf] lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . ljleGg dft[efifLx?aLr e]befj ug]{,hftLo /fhg}lts kf6L{ aGb]h ug]{, ljleGg ;d'bfox?sf] ;+u7g ug]{  clwsf/x? s'l07t kfg]{ lje]bsf/L k|fjwfgsf] pbfx/0fx? x'g . oL hftLo k"jf{u|xdf -racism_ cfwfl/t 5g\ . pbfx/0sf] nflu g]kfndf hftLo bª\uf lgDTofpF5 eg]/  hftLo kf6L{fnfO{ aGb]h ul/Psf] 5 . t/ k|hftflGqs b]zx?df hftLo kf6L{n] k|hftGqnfO{ ;'b[9 kf/]sf5g\ . …lqml:rogÚ kf6L{x?sf] j]lNhod, 8]gdfs{,lkmgNofG8, hd{gL, O6fnL,nShDju{,xNofG8, :jL8]g, :jL6\h/NofG8, e]g]h'Pnf, sf]:6fl/sfdf s'g} hftLo bª\uf lgDTofPsf 5}gg\,a? pN6f] sltko b]zdf zf;gef/ ;Dxfn]/ 6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ .

cflbjf;Lsf] xs clwsf/

          cflbjf;Lx?sf] klxrfg, Oltxf;,;+:s[lt,hLjg k4lt / cj:yf pgLx?sf]
k/Dk/fut e"ld;Fuhf]l8Psf] x'G5 . klxnf] afl;Gbf ePsf] gftfn] k'Vof}{nL  k|b]zdf pgLx?sf] cu|ufdL clwsf/ x'G5 . of] clwsf/ gful/sx?sf] cfkm\gf] b]zdf ePsf] ljz]if clwsf/h:t} dflgG5 . t;y{ cflbjf;Lx?sf] k'Vof}{nL hUuf tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] clwsf/ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf :jLsfg'{kb{5 . k'Vof}{nL hUuf;Fu ufFl;Psf] vlgh, h+un, vf]nfgfnf cflbsf] pkof]u ubf{ pgLx?sf] ;Ddlt lnOg'kb{5 . ;fy} cflbjf;Lx?sf] k'Vof}{nL 1fgdf pgLx?sf] xssf] /Iff
ul/g'kb{5 .

          cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f, c:6]lnof, Go"hLNofG8, ef/t, lkmlnlkG; / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf sof}{ b]zx?df cflbjf;Lx?sf] e"lddflysf] clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tdf ;+ljwfgsf] efu %n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] e"ld
;'/Iff ug{sf] lgldQ s]Gb| / /fHosf] sfg'g ;+;f]wg u/L ljlgod -regulation_ agfpg] clwsf/ /fHokfnnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] klg cflbjf;L hghflt clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] 5 eg] cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gn] cflbjf;L;DaGwL clw;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 .

          rrf{df cfPsf s]xL ;+/rgfx?sf] ;DaGwdf

          k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf r'gfj ug]{ k|:tfj cfufl8 cfPsf] 5 . sfo{sfl/0fLsf] k|ToIf r'gfj ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ /fi6«ktLo k4lt elgG5 . k|wfg dGqLsf] lglZrt sfo{sfn x'g] ePsf]n] o; k|0ffnLaf6 rfF8f]rfF8f] ;/sf/ abNg];d:of -govermental instability _ /f]lsG5 eGg] ts{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 . ;txaf6 x]bf{ of] k|0ffnL cfsif{s 5 t/ ljleGg ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?sf] cg'ejnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] k|hftGqsf] nflu vt/f ;fljt ePsf] 5 .

          cd]l/sfsf] ;kmn /fi6«ktLo k4lt b]v]/ blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] k|foM h;f] b]zx?n] Tof] k4lt cjnDag u/] t/ k|foM tL ;a} b]zx?df /fi6«klt k4ltn] lgjf{lrt tfgfzfx ;[hgf u¥of] . k|ToIf lgjf{lrt /fi6«kltx?n] cfkm" ;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] dtbftfx?af6 r'gfj lht]sf]n] cfkm" ;j]{;jf{ x'g'kg]{ bfjL k|:t't ub}{ ;+;b,cbfnt / cGo lgsfox?sf] clwsf/nfO{ s6fpFb} zflQm cfkm"df PsLs[t u/] . o;/L Psflwsf/ zf;g sfod ul/Psf]n] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf ljz]if1x?
/fi6«klt k4ltn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df k|hftGq ;'b[9 kfg{ k2t ub}{g eg]/ eGb5g\ . g]kfnsf] g]tfx?df klg ;s];Dd zlQm cfkm}df PsLs[t ug]{ ;+:sf/ ePsf]n] ubf{ /fi6«klt k4ltn] gofF h+uaxfb'/sf] ;[hgf ug]{ ;Defjgf k|an 5 .

          /fi6«klt k4ltn] 7"nf kf6L{x?nfO{ a9'jf lbg] ePsfn] cflbjf;L hghflt,blnt,dw];L / cNk;+Vos wdf{nDjLx?sf] lglDt clxts/ x'G5 . /fli6«kltsf] r'gfj Pp6f kbsf] nflu x'G5 . pQm kb b'O{ 7"nf kf6L{dWo] Pp6fn] lhT5 . 7"nf kf6L{n] dfq lhTg] ;+efjgf ePsf]n] hgtfx? 7"nf kf6L{x?k|lt cfslif{t x'G5g\ . cflbjf;L hghflt / dw];Lx?sf] k6L{ ;–;fgf ePsf]n] ubf{ /fi6«ktLo k4ltn] tL kf6L{sf] lj:tf/df afwf k'¥ofpF5 .

          /fi6«ktLo k4ltsf jsfnt ub}{ g/xl/ cfrfo{n] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgaf6 lgjf{lrt sfo{sfl/0fLsf zlQm ;Lldt ug{;lsG5 eg]/ ts{ /fVg' ePsf] 5 . oxfF Vofn ul/g' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnL ;}4flGts ?kdf zlQm ljefhgsf] k|0ffnL xf] . /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLsf] sfo{sfl/0fLx? ;+;bLo k4ltsf sfo{sfl/0fL eGbf sd zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ lsgls To; k|0ffnLdf zlQm ljefhgsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;+;b\ / cbfntnfO{ zlQmzfnL agfOPsf] x'G5 . t/
/fi6«ktLo k4lt ckgfPsf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df /fHo ;+/rgfn] /fi6«kltnfO{ sd zlQm lbFbflbFb} klg lgjf{lrt tfgfzfx hGdfof] . tL b]zx?df ;d:of ;[hgf ePsf] zlQm PsLs[t ug]{ /fhg}lts ;+:sf/n] ubf{ xf] . of] ;+:sf/ g]kfndf klg k|r'/dfqfdf 5 . /fi6«kltsf zlQm ;Lldt ub}{df of] ;d:ofaf6 plDsg ;lsb}g eg]/ w]/} b]zx?sf] cg'ejx?n] b]vfO;Sof] .

          o:t} obfsbf hgdt ;+u|xsf] klg ;jfn p7fOg] ul/Psf] 5 . hgdt ;+u|xn] hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t xsclwsf/ vf]:g ;Sb}g . ;fy},olb s'g} ;+f:s[lts ;jfndf hgdt ;+u|x u/fOg] xf] eg] g]kfnh:tf] ax';+f:s[lts b]zdf :jL6h/NofG8 h:t} 8an ax'dtsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . :jL6h/NofG8df s'g} klg ;jfn hgdt ;+u|xaf6 kf; x'gsf] nflu aflnu dtflwsf/sf] ax'dt / k|b]zx? -SofG6g _sf] ax'dt h?/t kb{5 .

          cGTodf oxfF k|:tfljt ljleGg ;+/rgfx? ljleGg ;jfnx?af6 ljleGg ;d'bfo –x?nfO{ ;dfjl]z ug{sf] nflu k|:t't ul/Psf x'g\ . Pp6} ;+/rgfn] ;a} k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? ;'Nemfpg ;Sb}g . To;}n] xfd|f] pb]Zo ljleGg ;d'bfox?sf ljljw k|sf/sf alxu{dg -exclusion_ cGTo ug'{ xf] eg] ;a} ;+/rgfx? ckgfpg
'kb{5 . s'g} ;+/rgf gckgfPdf, To; ;+/rgfn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljz]if ;jfn / ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]z gx'g;S5 .

hgljZjf; / d]/f] g5'6\g] gftf

gf]6ckm l8;]G6

;Gho ;Gtf]ifL /fO{

d}n] kqsfl/tf z'? u/]sf] lxhf] c:tL h:tf] nfU5 . d]/f] kqsfl/tf @# jif{ nfu]5 eg] hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs klqsf k|sfzg ug{ yfn]sf] klg !& jif{ nfu]5 . t/ d]/f] kfl/jfl/s lhjgnfO{ x]5'{– e/v/ d]/f] 5f]/f & jif{sf] / sfG5f] 5f]/f] # nfu]sf] dfq} 5 . kqsfl/tfsf] Ao:ttfn] slt;f/} dnfO{ a'9fO{;s]5 . ;do sf6]sf] kQ} gkfO{ $@ j;Gt b]lv ;lsP5 . v} lsg xf] kqsfl/tf u/]/ d}n] To:tf] w]/}  ;fy kfP– g ufyg} kfP . d}n] k9]sf] kqsfl/tfsf] wd{ / e"lesf lgefpg] x'Fbf htftt} z+s} z+sfn] dfq x]/]sf] kfPsf] 5' . kqsf/, k|x/L / k|zf;gsf] rf}lj;} 306f 8\o"6L clg p:t} gh/n] ;a}n] x]g]{ ubf{/x]5g\ / klg d of] k]zfaf6 k[ys x'g ;lSbg . ;dfhdf w]/} ;+Vofdf e«i6frf/L cGofo cTofrf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof w]/} t gegf} t/ ltgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ultnf] xf]O{g cfFl6nf] lgsfo gePsf] / ltgsf] ultljlwx?nfO{ d'sb{s eP/ x]g]{ xfd|f] k/dk/fut dfgl;stfsf] sf/0f kqsfl/tf k]zf z+s6df 5 . eP / qf;lbk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf u'lh|Psf] kqsfl/tf ;fwg ;|f]t / cefjdf Tolts} t8\lkO{/x]sf] d h:tf w]/} kqsf/x?sf] lhjg cyfxf 5g\ . lhjg;+lugLnfO{ klg kqsfl/tfdf ;+nUg u/fPsf] sf/0f c? kqsf/\;flysf] h:tf] /flt ca]/ 3/k'Ubf vfgf lr;f] t/ >LdtL tflQPsf] cj:yf eg] d]/f] 5}g . t/ ;w} kqsfl/tfsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'w|g g;Sbfsf] hlxNo} ;d:ofsf] lk/nf] Pp6f hLjgdf slxNo} g5'6\g] ;fyL kfO{Psf] 5 . ljut b]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf] kqsfl/tfsf] of] ofqf ;Dddf cfO{k'Ubf ;'gf}nf] cfzf af]s]sf w]/} ;xofqLx? e]l6b} cfPklg ;d:ofsf] sxflnnfUbf] oyfy{df cfO{k'Ubf e]l6g] / 5f]l8g] qmdx? bf]x]l/g] qmd
/f]lsPsf] 5}g .     

;fwg / ;|f]tsf] cefjdf z'?df ePsf] d]/f] kqsfl/tfsf] clttnfO{ ;Dembf klg sxfnL nfU5 . n]6/ k|];sf] hdgfaf6 z'? ul/Psf] hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs klqsf Tof] klg la/f6gu/;Dd k'u]/ 5kfO{ ul/Psf] ;Demgf ;w} tfh} x'g] u5{ . kl5 wgs'6fsf] n]6/ k|];df 6fO{ks]zx? NofPkl5 klg klqsfsf] k|sfzgdf ;fgf] b'Mvx? ;+uflnPsf 5}gg\ . klqsfsf] nflu Ps} rf]l6 sfuh lsGg] ?k}ofF kof{Kt gx'Fbf dlxgfdf b'O{ ltg k6s sfuh lsGgs} nflu lj/f6gu/ wfpg'kg]{ b]lv lnP/ wgs'6fdf lj1fkg kfpg / u|fxs agfpg clxn] t o:tf] kfk8 a]Ng'k5{ eg] !^ jif{ cufl8sf] oyfy{ ef]ufO{sfs'/fx? eGbf w]/}nfO{ syfh:tf] aGg;S5 . pBf]u / Aofkf/sf] z'Gotf ePsf] ;fgf] wgs'6f ahf/ clg clxn] t klqsfsf] u|fxs aGg gdfGg] / z'esfdgf la1fkg lbg] s'/f t stf xf] stfsf] l:ylt 5 eg] Toltv]/sf] ;dfh slt p7]sf] lyof] elg/xg' kb}{g . x'g t Tolta]nf klg wgf9\o ;fx'hLx?eGbf hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs klqsfsf] u|fxs Pj+ lj1fkgbftfx? dWod / lgDg dWod ju{s} x'g\ . ;/sf/L ;"rgf la1fkg 5fKg kfpg' slxn] lrÝf k/] h:t} nfUYof] . oBkL of] cEof; / ;f]Frdf vf;} cGt/ cfPsf] 5}g eGbf klg x'G5 . k|ljlwsf] lasf;nfO{ kR5fpg] qmddf hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs klqsfn] klg )%^ ;fn b]lvg} ckm;]6 k|];df k|sflzt ug]{ b'Zk|of; u/]sf] lyof] . b'Zk|of; o;y{df cfkm';+u sDKo"6/ gx'g' To;dfly wgs'6fdf sDKo"6/ OlGi6Ro"6 ;d]tsf] cefjn] w/fg emg'{ kg]{ afWotf lyof]–h'gqmd cem} /f]lsPsf] 5}g . klqsf 5fKg hfg]qmddf if8oGqsf/Lx?sf] ;f+3flts cfqmd0fdf d}n] em08} Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf] 36gf w]/} jif{ lat]sf] 5}g .

zfxL sfndf rfs8L ahf/]/ zfxLbnfn / k|zf;saf6 lj1fkg lng' kg]{ h:t} cem} sltko sfof{nodf Tof] ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ uPs} 5}g eg] z'?sf bzs;Dd hgljZjf; ;fKtflxsn] emg} s'g / s:tf] kl/l:ytLsf] ;fdgf em]Nb} klqsf k|sfzg ug]{ sl7g ofqf kf/ ub}{ /xg' k¥of] . h'g cf/f]x cj/f]xsf pNn]v ug}]{ kg]{ 36gfqmdsf ljj/0f x?sf] hLjGt syfn] dfq klg bh{gf}+ 7]nLx?df ;d]t c6fpFb}gg\ . k|hftGqsf] k'g:yfkgfsf sfnv08df h;/L lg/+s'z k~rfotL tfgfzfxsf kIfkf]ifsx? zf]ifs,;fdGtL,bnfn gf]s/zfx?sf] ;+/If0f eP  . clxn] klg cfkm'nfO{ cu|udgsf kIfkflt eGg] slyt qmflGtsf/L egfpbfx?n] ltg}sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsfn] cfd'n kl/jt{gsf] dx;'z ePsf] 5}g . klqsf k|sfzgsf] sfnv08df log};Fusf] n8fO{ / ;+3if{sf 36gfqmdsf k|df0fx? sfof{nodf ;'/lIft 5Fb}5g\ . tfgfzfxsf bnfn, e«i6rf/L /  sfnfahf/Lofx?sf] lgzfgf ag]sf] hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs klqsfsf ;b:ox?nfO{ cToGt xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy rNg l;sfPsf] 5 . t/ h:t} cefj / sl7g kl/l:yltdf klg hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs klqsfn] cfˆgf] ld;g / Jofj;flos kqsfl/tf b'j} If]qnfO{ ;'ema'em 9+uaf6 cufl8 a9fpg ;kmn ePs} 5 . lg/+s'z tfgfzfx ;fdGt bnfnsf] cGofo / cTofrf/sf] lj?4df zf]lift kLl8t hgtfsf] d'lQmsfdL ;+3if{sf] nflu h:tf];'s} cefj / ;+s6k"0f{ kl/l:ytLsf] ;fdgf ub}{ hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs cufl8 a9]sf] xf] hf] ;bf al9/xg] xfdLn] k|0f u/]sf 5f} . h'g d"No dfGotf / cfbz{nfO{ kyk|bz{ssf] ?kdf canDjg ub}{ k]|; tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff / hgtfnfO{ z';'lrt u/fpg hghLljsfsf] cxd\ ;jfnsf] phfu/ ug{ lsl~rt kl5 kb}{g eGg] s'/f clxn]sf] hgljZjf; k|sfzgdf ;+nUg h'emf? o'jf kqsf/ ;d"xn] k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] dxfg sfo{df h'6]sf ;zQm ;d'xsf cToGt h'emf? st{Aolgi6 AolQmTjx? k|lt / pxfFx?sf] nuglznftfsf] x[bob]lv sb/ ;Ddfg ;lxt cleafbg ub{5' .

d]/f] kqsfl/tfsf] ofqf hlt s7f]/ ;+3if{do eP klg o;sf] ;kmntfn] lzv/ r'd]sf] cfkm'nfO{ nfU5 . hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs klqsf / lg/Gt/ kqsfl/tfs} sf/0fn] cfh d of] x}l;otdf k'u]sf] x'F . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] ul/dfdo s]lGb|o pk;efklt x'Fb} k|]; sfplG;n g]kfnsf] dfggLo ;b:o h:tf] ;Ddflgt / ul/dfdo kbdf cf;Lg x'g k'Ug' d]/f] nflu ;xh / rfgr'g] s'/f lyPg . lsgeg] d s'g} kf6L{sf] k'R5/ ;dfTg] sfo{stf{d'vL kqsfl/tf gug]{ / kqsfl/tfsf] wd{ / dof{bf eGbf tn em/]/ h:tf];'s} ;Demf}tf ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf of] sl7g sfo{ lyof] . t/ cfGbf]ng / ;don] dnfO{ d Toxf k'Ug} kg]{ agfof] . To;}n] d d'n's / hgtfk|lt ;dlk{t x'Fb},kqsfl/tfsf] d"No dfGotf / cfbz{sf] ld;gdf ;b}a cl8u 5' . d]/f] klbo bfloTj / lhDd]jf/Lsf] sf/0f d ljut c9fO{ jif{b]lv hgljZjf; ;fKtflxssf] k|wfg ;Dkfbssf] x}l;otaf6 cnu /xg vf]Hf] klg Tof] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L / ld;gaf6 cnu x'g} ;s]sf] 5}g / d klqsfdf gx'Fbf klg ;dfhdf hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs klqsf;Fu d]/f] gfd hlxNo} hf]l8Ps} kfP h'g s'/f d]/f] nflu cToGt} 7"nf] uf}/j / cyfxf ;DklQ nfu]sf] 5 / d]/f] ld;gdf hlxNo} of] s'/fn] cToGt 7"nf] k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 .

e«i6frf/LnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{, u/fpg'g} 5 eg] ===<

6+saxfb'/ /fO{

          dflg; hGdhft :jtM kfkL :jefj / e|i6 dgsf] x'G5 . ;[li6stf{ k|s[lt k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f pNn+3g u/]sf] x'gfn] dfG5]sf] x[bodf cg'lrt cfr/0fn] af; ug{ k'Uof] . kmn:j?kM dfG5]df ;a} lsl;dsf ab\df;L,, b'i6tf, nf]e, O{iof, 8fFxf, xTof, em}emu8f, 5n-sk6 abVofO{, s'/f}6], c?nfO{ abgfd ug]{, 9L6, cx+sf/L, cledfgL, Joflerf/L  / b'i6
s'/f /lrlx8\g] cf1f kfng gug]{, cfb]z / lgod sfg'g gdfGg] h:tf z}tflgs v/fj s'/fx?n] p;sf] x[bodf h/f uf8\of] . ha;Dd p;sf] d[To' x'b}g ta;Dd Tof] h/f pvlng] 5}g .

          zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fF:s[lts ei6rf/sf] t'ngfdf cfly{s ei6rf/ ;+;f/df a9L eGbf a9L ePsf] kfOG5 – h;n] Ps JolQm kl/jf/ nufot ;d'Rr /fi6«sf] ljsf;df k|ToIf c;/ kfb{5 . ljutsf ;/sf/x?n] e|i6rf/L k|yfnfO{ sdfO vfg] efF8f] agfpb} NofP / xfn /fi6«sf] cy{tGqnfO{ w/f;fodf k'¥ofP . pbfx/0fsf] nflu csf{sf] b]zaf6 dfu]/ vfg] / ljsf; lgdf{0f ug]{ ;f]r jf kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; x'Fb} uof] . ca g]kfn /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ;jn / ;Ifd kfg'{ 5 eg] g]kfn ;/sf/n] s]xL gofF sbdx? p7fpg'g} k5{ . cfly{s ei6rf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ g} 5 eg] tkl;nsf sbdx? M
-d]/f] JolQmut ljrf/df_ cKgfpg'g} k5{ M–

!= /fi6« e/Lsf] x/]s JolQm jf kl/jf/sf] rn crn ;DklQsf] clen]v v8f ug]{, u/fpg] .

@= /fi6«;]js x/]s sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ugf{;fy lghsf] k}t[s ;DklQsf] tYof+s /fVg], /fVg nufpg] .

#= lghsf] tnadfg, kl/jf/ ;+Vof / dfl;s kfl/jf/Ls vr{sf] clen]v lng] .

$= crn ;DklQ hf]8\hf cfo>f]t ljj/0f ;DjlGwt :yflgo lgsfodf k]z ug]{, u/fpg] .

%= ^÷^ dlxgfdf jf jif{sf] Ps k6s clgjfo{ cfo Joo ljj/0f kmf/d e/L ;ldltdf k]z ug{ nufpg] .

^= tnadfg eGbf a9L cfo>f]t b]lvg uO{ cs'r\ ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] kfOPdf cfo>f]t ljj/0f k'li6 ug{ nufpg] .

&= cfo>f]t k'li6 gePdf cfjZos sf/jfxL rnfpg] .

                             To:t},

*= /fhg}lts ug]{ g]tfx?, Jofkf/L x?, ;+3 ;+:yfdf sfdug]{ JolQmx?sf] klg clen]v v8f ug]{, u/fpg] .

(= cfo>f]t ljj/0f k|dfl0ft gePdf lghsf] k}t[s ;DklQnfO{ 5f]8L e|i6frf/ u/L cfh{g
u/]sf] ;DklQ hkmt\ u/L /fli6«os/0f ug{sf] ;fy} To:tf e|i6rf/LnfO{ d[To'b08 geP klg cfhLjg sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo tf]Sg] jf tf]Sg nufpg] .

!)= w/f}6L /fvL 5'6\sf/ kfpg] k|yfnfO{ vf/]hL ug]{, u/fpg] .

!!= 7]sbf/L k|yfsf] cGTo ug]{ / pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t sfd ug]{, u/fpg] .

!@= ljleGg lghL k;ndf /flvPsf dfn ;fdfgx?sf] dfl;s qmo tyf ljqmo d'No;"lr lng] .

!#= ;Dej eP ;/sf/L bf]sfgsf] Joj:yf ug]{, u/fpg] . ;fj{hlgs n]vfk|0ffnLsf] cjnDag klg ug]{, u/fpg] .

          s]Gb|-b]lv ufpF :t/;Dd e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;ldlt u7g ug{ cfjZos 5 . e|i6frf/nfO{ lgd'{n kfg{ ;lsGg ha;Dd æt]/f] d]/f]]Æ eGg] k|yfsf] cGTo ul/b}g . /fi6«n] ;fFRr} rfx]df e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f / Go"lgs/0f ug{ eg] ;S5 – h;n] cfkm\gf] k|f0f eGbf /fi6«nfO{ dfof ub{5 / k[YjLsf] cl:yTj /x];Dd g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] eljZo pHhn /xf];\ eGg] sfdgf ub{5 . g]kfn /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ;jn / ;Ifd /fVg pQm s'/fx?sf] sfofGjog ug{ jt{dfg ;/sf/n] yfngL ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . s8f sbd p7fpg} k5{, olb e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ g} 5 eg] ===============<

o; kfnL

hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs

df]km;nsf] kqsfl/tf / d]/f] cg'e"lt

s]z/ /fO{

k"jf~rnsf] If]lqo ;b/d'sfd wgs'6faf6 k|sflzt hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs !^ jif{ kf/ ul//x]sf] ;'Gbf cf}lw v'zL nfUof] . ljleGg pQ/ r9fj cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ ub}{ 3l/ lgoldt 3l/ clgoldt x'Fb} kl5Nnf] ;dodf k"jf~rnsf] nf]slk|o tyf k|]; sfplG;nsf] jlu{s/0f df wgs'6fsf] Ps g+=>]0fL k|fKt klqsfsf] ?kdf kl/lrt /x]sf] 5 .

df]km;nsf] kqsfl/tf ;fx|} b'MvbfoL 5 . df]km;ndf kqklqsf k|sfzg ug'{ kmnfdsf] lrp/f rkfpg' ;/x dflgG5 . df]km;nsf] kqsfl/tfdf
/fHo ;+oGqsf] kx'Fr gk'Ug',/fhwfgL / df]km;naf6 k|sflzt klqsfnfO{ Pp6} r:dfaf6 x]l/g',l;ldt ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 l;ldt kf7s dfemdf k'Ug',oftfoft,;~rf/ nufot ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/af6 jl~rt /x'g h:tf ;d:ofn] oxfFsf] kqsfl/tf km:6fpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . cem df]km;nsf klg kxf8L lhNnfx?df kqsfl/tfsf] cj:yf bogLo
/x]sf] 5 . /fHosf] ;a}yf]s /fhwfgL sf7df08f} s]lGb|t /x]sf] cj:yfdf /fHosf] rf}yf] c+u kqsfl/tf klg c5'tf] /xg ;s]g . To;}n] xfdL ;lhn} c8sn nufpg ;S5f} hgljZjf; ;fKtflxssf] klg !^ jif{] ofqf kSs} ;xh lyPg . ljljw sl7g ;+3if{ kf/ u/]/ cfPsf] 5 . df]km;nsf] kxf8L lhNnfsf] kqklqsfn] !^ jif{ kf/ ug'{ ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/ r'Dg'' hlts} ;kmntf xf] eGg] nfUb5 .

hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs;Fu d]/f] lrgf/L w]/} ePsf] 5}g . hltv]/ d ef]hk'/df j;]/ ;lqmo kqsfl/tf ul//x]sf] lyP,Tof] ;dodf d]/f] hgljZjf;;Fu s'g} ;fldKotf lyPg . dnfO{ nfU5 Tof] ;do )%( ;fnlt/ of] klqsf cfkm\gf] cl:tTj;Fu ;+3if{/t lyP xf]nf Û . d]/f] JolQmut cg'ej JoQm ug{ rfxfG5'– hj @)%* ;fndf b]pjf
;/sf/sf] kfndf ;+s6sfn z'? eP;Fu g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf]  bzf z'? eof] . kqsf/dfyL w/ks8,h]nrnfg,dfgl;s ef}lts oftgf
/fHoaf6 g} x'g yfNof] . cfZrfo{sf] s'/f ef]hk'/ lhNnf h:tf] ljs6 b'u{d ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/af6 jl~rt lhNnfdf eg] e/v/} kqsfl/tfsf] hu ToxL sfndf eO/x]sf] lyof] . hltv]/ b]zdf /fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 ;+;b lj36g ul/ cfkm\gf] cg's'n ;Qf xftdf lnO/x]sf] cj:yfdf xfdL clwsf+z lhNnfsf ;a} slgs'yL kqsfl/tf l;ls/x]sf lyof}  . Tof] ;dodf cf}nfdf uGg ;lsg] kqsf/ lyof} . clwsf+z l;sf? g} lyof] . xfd|f] kqsfl/tfsf] u'? lj/f6gu/af6 cfPsf sflGtk'/sf j]b/fh kf}8\ofnn] nfdf] ;do /x]/ s]xL kqsfl/tfsf] hu /fVg d2t u/] .

z'?df cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngsf] ld;g lnP/ PSsf;L ljgf k|lzIf0f / k"jf{wf/ k|j]z u/]sf] d cGttM Jofj;flos jGg s/ nfUof] . Tolt~h]n ldl8of l;ldt lyP . xfdL ;fyLx?;Fu sNkgf ub{Yof} . If]qLo ;b/d'sfd wgs'6fsf kqsf/ ;fyLx? slt efUodfgL 5g\ . ToxfFsf klqsf / kqsf/ Jofj;flos 5g\ . kqsfl/tfsf] nflu pj{/ 5 wgs'6f xfd|f] a'emfO{ ToxL x'GYof] .

)^) kmfu'gdf dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 6]lnkmf]g 6fj/ Wj:t ePkl5 xfdL kqsfl/tfaf6 nueu xft w'g' kg]{ cj:yf cfof] . @) ?k}of ldg]6 km\ofS; ;d]t ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf cfof] . ToxL ;dodf /fHo / dfcf]jfbLn] :jtGq k"j{s n]Vg glbg] wlDs lbg] ug{ yfNof] . lhNnf jflx/sf ldl8ofdf ;dfrf/ ;Dk|];0f ug]{ xfdL To;kl5 :yflgo klqsf lgsfNg jfWotf cfOk/\of] . t/ lhNnfdf ckm;]6 5fkfvfgf lyPg . ToxL cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ lhNnfdf ckm;]6 k|]; ;d]t :yfkgf eO{  d}o'ª ;fKtflxssf] hGd x'g k'Uof] .

d}o'ª ;fKtflxs w]/} ;Defjgf jf]s]/ cfPsf] klqsf lyof] . klqsfdf xfdL ;a} ju{sf] pkl:ytL lyof] . hDdf * k[i7df k|sflzt ;f] klqsfdf nufgL / hgzlQm klg /fd|f] lyof] . t/ df]km;nsf] kqsfl/tfsf] tTsflng ;]/f]km]/f]df of] klqsf l6ls/xg ;s]g . df]km;nsf] kqsfl/tfsf] h:tf] syfJofyf lyof] d}o'ªsf] klg ToxL syfJofyf bf]xf]l/of] . nufgL e"tk"j{ nfx'/] / ;dfh;]jLsf] cfsif{s lyof] / ;dfrf/ If]qdf cg'ejL o'jfx?sf] /fd} ;fy kfPsf] lyof] . t/ xfd|f] cfDbfgL eGbf vr{ jl9 lyof] . xfdL ;a} lgz'Ns v6]sf lyof} t/ klg sl/a ^ dlxgf kl5 klqsf aGb x'gk'Uof] . ;f] klqsfsf] cj;fg ;Fu}lhNnfdf kqsfl/tfsf] Ps lx;fjn] z'Gotf 5fof] . klqsfsf] lg/Gt/tf lbg dfgl;s,zf/Ll/s lx;fjn] ;d]t tDtof/ lyof} . t/ xfdLdf c;kmntf xft nfUof] . o; sl7g lbgx?df wgs'6faf6 k|sflzt hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs eg] xfd|f] sfof{nodf lg/Gt/ cfO/xGYof] x'nfs dfkm{t . z'?d} ^ k]h sd;n sfuhdf klqsfsf] sfof{nodf cfO/xbf xfd|f] 5nkmnsf] ljifo eO/xGYof] . xfdL klqsfsf] ljifo j:t' eGbf klg d}o'ª h:t} rf8} cj;fgsf] c8sn sfl6/xGYof] . t/ hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs eg] sl7g /fhgLlts kl/l:yltdf cem cfkm\gf] e"ldsf ;zQm jgfpb} cfO/x]sf] lyof] . df3 !( kl5sf] 1fg]Gb| zfxsf] zf;gsfndf klg ljljw sl7g kl/l:ytL em]Nb} ljz]ifu/L cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf h]xfb g} 5]8\of] . d ef]hk'/df a;]/ lgofnL/x]sf] lyP klqsfn] k|]; :jtGqtf,;dfhsf] ljs[lt lj;+utL / Aofks e|i6frf/sf] kf]i6df6{d ub}{ lg/Gt/ k|sfzg eO/x\of] . xfd|f] c8snnfO{ unt ;fljt u/fO/x]sf] lyof] . clxn] klqsfn] Tof] sl7g kl/l:ylt;Fu} d'sfljnf u/]/ cfkm\gf] klxrfg bx|f] jgfO{;Sof] . bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng )^@÷)^# P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg / u0ftGq :yfkgf ;Dddf cfkm\gf] st{Jo lgjf{x ub}{ cy{k"0f{ ofqf to ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ b'vsf] s'/f d}o'ª ;fKtflxsnfO{ km]/L k|sfzg ug{ eg] ;s]gf} .

          d}o'ª ;fKtflxsn] klg s]xL ;sf/fTds t/ hf]lvd sfo{ / cEof;sf] yfngL u/]sf] lyof] . tTsflng ;dodf rln/x]sf] cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ng /fHosf] k"gM;+/rgfdf hftLo :jfzf;g / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] kIfdf k|;:t} dnhn ul//x\of} . :yfg kfO/x\of] . jx; l;h{gf ul/lbof] ;fy} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf x'g] e|i6"frf/ clgoldttf / ;dfhsf] ljs[lt lj;+ult jf/]df em6f/f] xfgL/x\of} . To;}n] ;dfhsf ljsf/ tTj / ;/sf/L sfof{no slxNo} ;sf/fTds jg]g\ . ;w} klqsfsf] lj/f]w ul//x] . klqsf /fO{s/0f hfltjfbL /x]sf] ;Dk|fbflos cf/f]k nufO/x] . t/ d}o'ª cfkm\gf] d'2f ld;gdf cl8u /lx/x\of] . a? kf7ssf] dfof kfP/ k|sfzgsf] @ dlxgfdf ufpFufpdf @ xhf/ k|lt ;s'{n];g x'gyfNof] . ;Dejt b'u{d lhNnfdf oltsf] ;s'{n]zg pRr dflgG5 . ufpFufpFdf u|fld0f kqsf/ pTkfbg u/]/ cfjfh ljlxgx?sf] cfjfh ;Dk|]if0f ul/x\of} . t/ /fHo / s]xL v/fa tTjsf] lu4]b[li6 / /fhgLlts 36gfqmdsf] rk]6fdf of] klqsfn] cfo' nDjfpg g;ls aGb x'g k'Uof] .

d}n] d}o'ª / hgljZjf; ;fKtflxsnfO{ lsg t'ngf ul//x]sf] 5' eg] oL b'j} klqsfsf] ld;g Pp6} lyof] . oL b'j} klqsfn] cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngnfO{ prfO{df k'¥ofpg w]/} of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L d'vkq h:tf] vfnL k|]; jQmJo uf]i7L,;]ldgf/,tflndsf] ;dfrf/ dfq 5fKg hfg]g . ;dfhsf] sfnf] st'{tnfO{{ e08fkmf]/
ul/g}/x\of] . b]z hln/x]sf] j]nfdf ;d|f6 lgo/f] em} d'/nL ahfP/ j:g] sfo/tf b]vfPgg\ . logn] ;flRrs} Aoj;flostf / ldzg lnP/ kqsfl/tf u/]sf5g\ . ;dfhsf] P]gf jlg cfjfh ljlxgx?sf] cfjfh jlg/x\of] oL klqsf . t/ d}o'ª ;fKtflxsn] cfkm\gf] lb3f{o" cfo" jgfpg ;s]g . o;df hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs awfO{ / wGojfbsf] efuLbf/ jg]sf] 5 . o; klqsfsf] lbuf]kgsf] k|z+;f ug}{k5{ . of] klqsf cflbjf;L hghflt / blnt cfGbf]ngsf] v'/fs xf],b:tfj]h xf] . t;y{ cfufdL lbgdf hftLo :jfoQtf /fHo ;'lglZrttf ug{df of] klqsfn] yk e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . gofF g]kfnsf] ;xofqL hgljZjf; ;fKtflxs jGg'kb{5 . cfd kf7sn] olx rfx]sf] 5 . o;sf] nfuL csf]{ !& jif{ lg/Gt/ k|sfzg eO/xg'kb{5 . hgtfsf] ljZjf; lhlt/xg'kb{5 . k"jf{~rnjf;Lsf] 9's9'sLdf /lx/xg' kb{5 .

          klqsfsf] s]xL sldsdhf]/L klg b]lvG5 . o; klqsf ca k"/fg} 9/f{jf6 rNg ;Sb}g . klqsfsf] lbuf]kgsf] nflu ;+:yfut gu/L ;'v} 5}g . To;sf] nflu gofF ld;gjf6 gofF ;+/rgfdf gofF ;f]r / z}nLaf6 cuf8L a9\g' kg]{ b]Vb5' . Pp6f …a|f08g]dÚ jlg;s]sf] hgljZjf; sDklgsf] ?kdf jf ;d"x jgfP/ lhDd]jf/L jf8kmf8
u/L hfg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg / Jofj:yfkgdf 5'§f5'§} hgzlQm x'g'kb{5,h'g clxn] b]lvGg . cfufdL lbgdf ;x'lnot Jofhb/df k|];sfplG;n ldl8of lasf; sf]ifsf] ;xof]udf ckm;]6 k|]; /fVg] h'g hdsf]{ ;fKtflxs kl/jf/n] ul//x]sf] 5 Tof] k|of; ;/fxlgo 5 . klqsfsf] s]xL ;fgfltgf sldsdhf]/L jfjh'b oL kIfx?df Wofg lbPdf of] klqsf df]km;nsf] kqsfl/tfdf sf]z]9'+uf jGg]5 .

n]vsM kqsf/ dxf;+3 ef]hk'/sf] s]lGb|o kfif{b ;b:o x'g\ .

aDxrfo{sf] ;d:of

of}g lzIff

o; l;nl;nfdf 8fS6/ Sofy/fOg 8]le;n] Pp6f k|ZgfjnL agfPsL l5g\ –…s] tkfO{ ljZjf; ug'{x'G5 ls ;Dk"0f{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu of}g ;dfud cfjZos 5 <Ú of] k|Zgsf] pQ/ Ps xhf/eGbf a9L dlxnfx?n] lbPsf lyP . tLdWo] #*=& k|ltzt cyf{t\ #(=$ dlxnfn] of}g ;dfud cfjZos 5 eGg] hjfkm lbPsf lyP s]xLn] cem a9L hf]8 lbPsf :jLsf/ u/] . z]if ^!=@ k|ltzt cyf{t\ ^=)# k|ltztn] gsf/fTds pQ/ lbP . s;}n] hf]8bf/ ?kn]
gsf/fTds hjfkm lbP eg] s;}n] ;+lbUw ?kdf . ;;t{ cfjZos 5 eGg] pQ/ lbg]x?n] …ljz]ifu/L k'?ifsf nflu dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu of hLjgnfO{ k"0f{ jgfpgsf nflu cyjf s'g} ljz]if k|sf/sf nflu cfjZos ePsf] atfP eg] gsf/fTds pQ/ lbg] dlxnfx?n] cfkm\gf pQ/df o:tf] n]v]sf lyP–…cfjZos xf]Og t/ :jfefljs rflxF xf] , of jfG5gLo 5, of k"0f{ dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu x}g, cfjZos 5}g,d'l:sn 5 , cfjZos t 5}g t/ hf] JolQm To;jf6 jlGrt /xG5g\ pgLx? s'l07t x'G5g\ / pgLx?df
rfp/Lkg cfpF5 o:t} o:t} . Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] of}g ;dfudnfO{ cfjZo g7fGg] dlxnfx?dWo] %(=% k|ltztn] cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9Ln] x:td}y'g ub{y] eg] of}g ;dfud cfjZos 5 eGg]x?dWo] &^ k|ltzt dlxnfn] klg x:td}y'g ub{y] . of}g ;dfudnfO{ cfjZos 5 eGg] hjfkm lbg]x?dWo] o:tf dlxnfx? w]/} lyP h;nfO{ dfusf ljifodf hfgsf/L g} lyPg .

          h;n] clta|Dxro{af6 x'g] sl7gfOnfO{ ;fgf] u/]/ b]vfpF5g\ pgLx?sf nflu d?:yndf a:g] O;fO{ ;fwgx?sf k}n]l8o;åf/f /lrt …:ju{Úgfds k':ts k9\g' pQd x'g]5 . tL ;fw' tu8f / b[9 ;+sNk lyP . pgLx?n] ;Gof;sf  cfbz{k|lt >4f /fVby] To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cg's"n kl/l:yltdf /xGy] / pgLx?sf lbgrof{ hlt s7f]/ x'Gy] ls xfdLx? sNkgf;d]t ug{ ;Sb}gf} t/ klg of}g k|nf]egaf6 pgLx?nfO{ hlt si6 x'GYof] Tolt si6 cGo s'g} s'/faf6 x'FFb}GYof] . To:tf] pgLx?nfO{ hLjgko{Gt eO/xGYof] .

          k|frLg tk:jLx?sf] cg'ejfnO{ Psflt/ /fv]/ jt{dfgdf ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ;fjwfgLk"j{s ul/Psf o:tf cGj]if0faf6 yfxf x'G5 ls nuftf/ a|Dxro{ cyjf of}g ;lqmotfsf] cleJolQm lagf c? t s] 8fS6/x?;d]t /xg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . jf:tljs a|Dxrf/L ToxL xf] h;n] gf/Lx?;Fu x+;Ldhfs cyjf cfTdd}y'g;d]t ub}{g . 8fS6/
/f]n]8/n] To;}n] eg]sf 5g\ Jofks b[li6n] x]g]{ xf] eg] a|Dxro{ eGg] h:tf] rLh 5b} 5}g . h;df of}g nIf0f k|s6 x'g kfpFb}g pgLx?Dff  cS;/ of}g cfj]u dGb cj:yfdf x'G5 . of}g cfj]usf h'g e]bx? xfdL kfpF5f} To;sf] k|d'v sf/0f /fli6«o k/Dk/fx?df eFPsf] cGt/ klg xf] . s'g} b]zdf j]ZofudgnfO{ ;xf/f lnOG5 eg] s'g} b]zdf x:td}y'gnfO{  . o;df 8fS6/x?sf] @ ;d'x 5 . Ps ;d"xn] x:td}y'gnfO{ ck'?if –hgf]lrt cfbt eGb} s8f eT;gf ub{5g\ / j]Zofudgk|lt ;lxi0f'tf bzf{pF5g\ eg] csf]{ ;d"xn] j]ZofudgnfO{ vt/gfs / cg]}lts elg s8f lgGbf ub}{ x:td}y'gk|lt t'ngfTds ?kn] ;lxi0f'tf bzf{pF5g\\ . olb xfdLx? ct[Kt of}g ;lqmotfsf] cleJolQM h:t} clgb|f,lr8lr8fkg,
l;/bb{,lel/ËL cflb :gfoljs b'j{ntfsf] pkrf/ sd ug{ rfxG5f} eg] xfdLn] lgDg s'/f Wofg lbg' plrt x'g]5 . ha clt a|Dxrosf] kl/0ffd :j?k pTkGg x'g] si6 lglZrt ?kn] dfgl;s u8a9Lsf] ;Ldf;Dd k'Ub5 tj cGo ;xof]uLsf]
sf/0fdfly klg ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . To; :yfgdf k'u]/ dgf]ljZn]ifsx?n] cjr]tgfsf If]qdf s}of} e|fds dfu{ vf]hL ug]{ r]i6f u/]sf 5g\ . n]j]nkm]N8n] s] kQf nufPsf 5g\ eg] @$ jif{sf] pd]/;Dd k'?ifnfO{ a|Dxro{sf] si6 cToGt} sd
x'G5 . To;kl5 klg p;nfO{ ;fob} TolQ si6 x'G5 ls 8fS6/L ;xfotfsf] cfjZostf k/f];\ . v/fa zf/Ll/s agfj6af6} a|Dxro{ :gfoljs /f]usf] sf/0f jGg ;Sb5 .

          ;/n hLjg ;fbf ef]hg,zLtn hnåf/f :gfg, ljnfl;tfsf] cejf,;d:t
zf/Ll/s of dfgl;s pQ]hgfaf6 aFRg' ;To;+u dgnfO{ /fd|f sfd / ljrf/df nufO{/fVg', v'nf xfjfdf oy]i6 Jofod ug'{ cflb g} o;sf] pkrf/ xf] . cyf{t\ cf/f]Uo zf:qsf] lgodfg';f/ rNg' g} o;sf] pkrf/ xf] . Pp6f s'/f s] ofb ug'{kb{5 eg] pkrf/ ;dod} ug'{kb{5 . cyf{t\ /f]uL x'g'eGbf klxn] g} ug'{kb{5 . ha Ps k6s
zf/Ll/s of}g cfj]u cbdgLo ?kaf6 pkl:yt x'G5 ta oL lgod Tolt nfek|b x'Fb}gg\ hf] atfOg] u5{g . ;fwf/0f zf/Ll/s Jofodaf6 sfd]Iff bdg jx'g' t k/} hfcf];\ To;af6 pN6} dlxnf k'?if b'j}df sfd]Iff pQ]lht
x'G5 . clg sfd]Iff tadfq bdg ug{ ;lsG5 ha Jofofd olt w]/} ug'{kb{5 ls Jofofd ug]{ JolQm k'/} ylst xf]cf];\= . To;}u/L dfgl;s sfo{ ljz'4 ?kn] ;"Id9+usf] eof] eg] klg of}g pQ]hgf pTkGg ug{ afWo x'G5 . of] t ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] ls cf/f]Uo zf:qsf] lgod zlQmjw{s x'G5 . ctM o:tf] x'g ;Sb}g . ls oL ;a} lgodn] of}g If]qdf zlQm ga9fcf];\= . xfdLx?N] o:tf] s'g} Joj:yf ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ h;af6 zf/Ll/s k|0ffnLdf rflxF zlQm pTkGg xf];\ t/ of}g k|0ffnLdf rflxF To;sf] s'g} klg k|efj kb}{ gkf/f];\ .

:jf:Yo lzIff

aftfj/0f

jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{

!= jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] cjwf/0f tyf cy{ dflg;sf] k|fs[tLs hLjg tyf p;n] lasf; u/]sf ;Eo hLjg Ps lglZrt k|fs[lts ;]/f]km]/f]df cjl:yt /x]sf] x'G5 . dfgj hLjgnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ ;d:t 36sx?nfO{ ;fdfGotof jftf–
j/0fsf] ?kdf JofVof ul/G5 . jf:tjdf dfgj hLjgnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ cj:yf / ;]/f]km]/f] cyf{t k|fs[tLs 36sx? –h:t}M e"dL, jfo' tyf hn_ h;leq JolQmn] cfkm\gf] hLjgofkg u/]sf] x'G5, jftfj/0fsf] ?kdf JofVof ul/G5 . o;nfO{ csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] dgl;sf] ;/]fkm]/f] h;leq /x]/ p;n] cfkm\gf] hLjglgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 To;nfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 .

          jf:tjdf, jftfj/0f tyf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{sf] cjwf/0ff hl6n 5 . t;y{, jftfj0fLo :jf:Yo /
;/;kmfO{sf] JofVofk"0f{ …;/;kmfOÚ -Sanitation_ sf] rrf{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . …;/;kmfOÚ
-Sanitation_ sf] g]kfnL ?kfGt/0f xf] h;sf] cy{ …:jf:YonfO{ /Iff ug]{ zf:qÚ
-The science of safegurding health_ . …g];gn :oflg6];g kmfpG8]zgÚ o'=P;=P= -National Sanitation FoundationM USA_ sf cg';f/ æ ;/;kmfO{ hLjgsf] dfWod xf] . o;n] /xg;xgsf] pRrtfnfO{ hgfpF5 h;df ;kmf 3/, ;kmf If]q, plrt Joj;fo, :jR5 l5d]s tyf ;kmf ;d'bfo kb{5g\ . Æ

          lgisif{sf] ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] /f]u lgoGq0f tyf :jf:Yo clej[4Lsf nflu jftfj/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] lgoGq0fnfO{ ;/kmfO{sf] ?kdf JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .

          ;/kmfO{sf] s]xL JolQmx?sf nfuL kmf]x/d}nfnfO{ ;kmf ug]{ eP tfklg o;n] Pp6f jftfj/0fLo lj1fgsf] ?kdf cfkm\gf] lasf; ul//x]sf] 5 . jftfj0fLo ;/;kmfO -Environmemental Sanitation_ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf x'g uPsf] 5 . aftfj/l0fo cfjZostfnfO{ JofVof ub} …ef]/] ;ldtLÚ -Bhore Committee_ n] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf eg]sf] lyof]– æ ha;Dd jftfj0fLo :jR5tfnfO{ gsfl/G5 / ;fd'bflos hLjg k|4lt bf]ifk"c0f{ /xG5 tj;Dd xfd|f ufFp tyf zx/n] c:ktfnnfO{ lj/fdL cfug]{ sf/vfgfsf] ?kdf sfd \ul//xG5g\ .Æ jftfj0fLo ;/;kmfOnfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ ljZj :jf:Y ;+ª\3 -WHOM Report 1950_ n]V5– æ jftfj0fLo ;/;kmfO{ eGgfn] dg'iosf] j/Lk/Lsf tL ;d:t kbfy{sf] lgoGq0fsf] af]w u/fpF5 h;n] p;sf] ljsf;, :jfYo tyf cfo'dfyL k"0f{ k|efj kfb{5 jf kfg{ ;S5 . Æ

dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;njf/] hfgsf/L

Microsoft Excel nfO{ ;fwf/0ftf Ms-Excel eGg] ul/G5 . of] Electronic Spreadsheet Package xf] hxfF xfdL xfd|f] 8f6fx? /fVg, To;nfO{ process ug{, filter ug{ ;fy;fy} 8f6fx?nfO{ chart sf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ klg ;Sb5f} . of] ljz]if u/]/ Mathmatical and logical problem solve ug{ sf] nflu k|lz2 dflgG5 . h;sf] nflu xfld Formula k|of]u ug]{ ub{5f} . o;sf] dfWodjf6 xfdL Mathematical, financial, statistical, engineering ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb5f} .  ;fy;fy} o;sf] k|of]u jf6 xfld ljn, ef}r/, salary sheet, dfs{l;6x? tof/ ug{ ;Sb5f} . o;sf] k|of]u jf6 xfdL w]/} 8f6fx? NffO{ Aojl:yt ?kdf ;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sb5f} ;fy;fy} Jojl:yt ?kdf :6f]/ ug{ ;Sb5f} . of] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ljsf; klg ljn u]6\;sf] sDkgL Microsoft company n] u/]sf] xf] . excel sf] extension name .xls xf] .

PS;n k|f]z]l;‹sf] k|d'v ljz]iftfx?

!_o;cGtu{t xfld o;sf] js{l;6df leGg k|sf/sf ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb5f} .

@+_ o;df xfdL 8f6fx?nfO{ Jol:yt ?kdf :6f]/ ug{ ;Sb5f} h;sf] kmfObf xfdL xfd|f] 8f6fx? nfO{ easily search ug{ ;Sb5f} .

#_ 8f6fx? /fv]/ xfld ;lhn} 8f6fx? nfO{ Chart sf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ ;Sb5f} .

$_ o;n] xfdLn] create sf] formula nfO{ ;lhn} accept u5{ .

%_ o;df w]/} worksheet x? x'G5g\ . (Rows 65536 and Column 256) 

^_ Hard disk tyf pen drive df Document x? Store tyf save ug{ ;lsG5.

sDKo'6/df dfO{qmf];ˆ6 PS;n k|f]ufd s;/L vf]Ng] <

1st method

Start df click ug]{ clg program df uP/ Office Package cGtu{tsf] Microsoft Excel5fGg] .

2nd method

Run df uP/ Winword type u/L excel type u/L enter key press ug]{ .

;]n (Cell) - cell eg]sf]

combination of horizontal line and vertical line.

Jfs{l;6 (Worksheet):- ;]nx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ js{l;6 elgG5 yf]/}df ! j6f / w]/}df @%% j6f js{l;6 insert ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} sDkgLn] Default u/]sf] # j6f j{sl;6 /x]sf 5g\ .

cfTd3f]if0f–dfly d]/f] 3f]if0f

          )^% sflt{s !( ut] z'qmaf/ w/fg;Ddsf] ofqf lyof] d]/f] cfkm\g} sfdsf] . d wgs'6f a; :6];gaf6 dfOqmf]a;sf] yfKnf]df a;]/ w/fg lrlKnP . ;f}efUo, :j=ljdn :d[lt k':tsfnosfn] w/fgdf sljtf uf]li7 ug]{ ;"rgf s]xL lbg cufl8 d]/f] sfgdf k/]sf] lyof] . kz'kltgfysf] bz{g l;b|fsf] Jofkf/ eg] em} d sfo{qmd :yn a'4rf}s tkm{ klg xflgPF . ;efxnsf] d~rdf cu|h ;flxTosf/x? u0f]z /fO{ …/l;sÚ uf]kfn b]jfg,s'Gtf zdf{ nufot cGo ;flxTosf/x?sf] 6Dd pkl:ylt lyof] . d}n] klg bz{s d~rdf uP/ cf;g u|x0f u/] .

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